رودس

رودس از جزیره‌های کشور یونان است. این جزیره در شمال خاوری کرت، جنوب خاوری آتن و جنوب باختری ساحل ترکیه واقع شده‌است.
رودس در دریای اژه واقع شده و هم از نظر مساحت و هم از نظر جمعیت بزرگ‌ترین جزیره در دسته‌جزایر دودکانیسا است. جمعیت رودس ۱۱۷٬۰۰۷ نفر است.


ورودی کتابخانه قدیمی مسلمانان در رودس که در سال ۱۷۹۴ توسط احمد یوسف بنیادگذاری شد. در این کتابخانه دست‌نوشته‌هایی به زبان‌های فارسی و عربی و از قرآن موجود است.
این یک نوشتار خُرد پیرامون یک مکان جغرافیایی است. با گسترش آن به ویکی‌پدیا کمک کنید.
[نمایش]
ن • ب • و
دریای اژه
در ویکی‌انبار پرونده‌هایی دربارهٔ رودس موجود است.
[نمایش]
ن • ب • و
میراث جهانی یونسکو در یونان

خطای یادکرد: خطای یادکرد: برچسب "ref" وجود دارد، اما {‌{پانویس}‌} پیدا نشد.
رده‌ها: جزیره‌های دریای مدیترانه مناطق مسکونی در رودس

قس عربی

رودس (بالیونانیة: Ρόδος) هی جزیرة تقع فی الیونان. تعرف الجزیرة تاریخیاً بکونها موقع تواجد أبولو رودس سابقاً، وهو أحد عجائب الدنیا السبع. تقع بالقرب من الساحل الجنوبی لترکیا، فی منتصف المسافة بین جزر الیونان الرئیسیة وقبرص. تعد رودس أبعد الجزر الشرقیة بالنسبة للیونان وبحر إیجة. تبعد عن غرب ترکیا بحوالی 18 کلم. فی عام 2001 بلغ عدد سکانها 117792 نسمة، منهم 55 إلى 60 ألف یعیشون فی مدینة رودس.یقدر عدد المسلمین ب 3500 مسلم.
یوجدفی جزیرة رودس بالیونان عام 280ق. م تمثال کبیر من البرونز لیس موجود الآن بل بیع منذ زمن کقطع من المعادن والأشیاء الثمینة وهو کان موجود فی جزیرة رودس فی الیونان حالیا وهو عبارة عن فارس یحمل مشعلاً بالید الیسرى وقوس ونشّاب فی الید الأُخرى ماداً قدمیه لتمر السفن البحریة بین قاعدتیه ارتفاع حوالی 50 م دمر التمثال بعد 65 عام بواسطة زلزال أصاب المنطقة بکاملها عام284 ق. م ومن کبر الحجم تکون الأصابع أکبر من تمثال فی هذا العصر وکان من داخله درج حلزونی من القاعدة إلى الرأس ویقال أن أهل الجزیرة کانوا یضعون النار فی عیون التمثال لتهتدی السفن فی البحر وبالمناسبة جزیرة رودس أحد الجزر المهمة والسیاحیة الجیدة فی بلاد الیونان حالیاً.
هذه بذرة مقالة عن جغرافیا أوروبا تحتاج للنمو والتحسین، فساهم فی إثرائها بالمشارکة فی تحریرها.
هذه بذرة مقالة عن موضوع ذی علاقة بالیونان تحتاج للنمو والتحسین، ساهم فی إثرائها بالمشارکة في تحریرها.
تصنیفان: جزر الیونان

قس مصری

رودس ( بالیونانى : Ρόδος )، جزیره یونانیه فى بحر ایجه فى اتجاه الساحل الجنوبى الغربى لـ اسیا الصغرى ، مساحتها 1400 کم مربع ، و هى اکبر جزر الدودیکانیز. عاصمتها رودس على ساحلها الشمالى الشرقى. جزیرة رودس جبلیه من جوه و لیها شریط ساحلى خصب. سکانها بیشتغلوا فى صید السمک و الاسفنج. رودس من الأماکن السیاحیه اللى بیزورها سیاح کتیر.

وصلت رودس الذروه کقوه تجاریه و مرکز ثقافى فى القرنین 4 و 3 قبل المیلاد ، و کان فیها تمثال من عجایب الدنیا السبعه. حکمتها روما و بعدین حکمها البیزنطیین. استولى علیها الأتراک سنة 1282 لکن فرسان الاسبتاریه استعادوها منهم سنة 1309. غزاها الاتراک تانى سنة 1522 ، و فضلت فى ایدهم لغایة ما ایطالیا اخدتها سنة 1915. بعد الحرب العالمیه التانیه استولت علیها قوات الحلفاء و بعدین اتنازلت عنها للیونان فى سنة 1947.



فیه فایلات فى تصانیف ویکیمیدیا کومونز عن:
جزیرة رودس
تصانیف: جزر الیونان مدن الیونان جزر

قس یونانی

Η Ρόδος, με έκταση 1400,68 km2, είναι το μεγαλύτερο νησί των Δωδεκανήσων και το τέταρτο σε έκταση νησί της Ελλάδας. O πληθυσμός της ανέρχεται σε 115.290 κατοίκους, σύμφωνα με την απογραφή του 2011, και καθιστά τη Ρόδο το πολυπληθέστερο ελληνικό νησί -εκτός της Κρήτης και της Εύβοιας. Βρίσκεται περίπου 350 χιλιόμετρα νοτιοανατολικά της Αθήνας και 18 χιλιόμετρα νοτιοδυτικά της Τουρκίας.
Η Ρόδος αποτελεί έδρα της ομώνυμης Περιφερειακής Ενότητας, η οποία περιλαμβάνει επίσης και τα νησιά Χάλκη, Σύμη, Τήλος και Καστελλόριζο. Πρωτεύουσα του νησιού είναι η πόλη της Ρόδου με πληθυσμό περίπου 55.000 κατοίκων.
Πίνακας περιεχομένων [Εμφάνιση]
Μυθολογία [Επεξεργασία]

Πολλοί μύθοι έχουν συνδεθεί με τη δημιουργία της Ρόδου. Σύμφωνα με τον Πίνδαρο, όταν ο Δίας επικράτησε των Γιγάντων, αποφάσισε να μοιράσει τη γη στους Ολύμπιους Θεούς. Ο Ήλιος όμως, έλειπε από τη μοιρασιά κι έμεινε χωρίς γη. Ο Δίας για να μην τον αδικήσει είπε να ξανακάνουν τη μοιρασιά, αλλά ο Ήλιος τότε είπε πως η γη που θα αναδυόταν από τη θάλασσα, όταν θα ανατέλλει το επόμενο πρωινό, θα γινόταν δική του. Έτσι αναδύθηκε ένα πανέμορφο και καταπράσινο νησί, η Ρόδος. Ο Ήλιος συνεπαρμένος από την ομορφιά της την έλουσε με τις ακτίνες του. Από τότε η Ρόδος είναι το νησί του Ήλιου, το πιο φωτεινό και λαμπερό.
Ένας άλλος μύθος αναφέρει ότι η Ρόδος ήταν νύμφη, κόρη του Ποσειδώνα και γυναίκα του Ήλιου.
Διοικητική διαίρεση [Επεξεργασία]

Η Ρόδος χωρίζεται στις παρακάτω Δημοτικές Ενότητες (σε παρένθεση ο πληθυσμός τους κατά την απογραφή του 2001):
Ρόδου (53.709)
Αρχαγγέλου (7.779)
Ατταβύρου (3.225)
Αφάντου (6.712)


Λίνδος
Ιαλυσού (10.107)
δήμος Καλλιθέας (10.251)
Καμείρου (5.145)
Λινδίων (3.633)
Νότιας Ρόδου (4.313)
Πεταλούδων (12.133)

Γεγονότα [Επεξεργασία]



Η μεγάλη πυρκαγιά Ιουλίου του 2008, από το χωριό Αγ. Ισίδωρος
Τον Ιούλιο του 2008 ξέσπασε στο νησί μεγάλη πυρκαγιά με σημείο έναρξης το χωριό Αγ. Ισίδωρος του Δήμου Αταβύρου. Ως αιτία της πυρκαγιάς αναφέρθηκε η προσπάθεια κατοίκου του χωριού να κάψει ξηρά χόρτα και κλαδιά στο χωράφι του με θερμοκρασία περιβάλλοντος 36 βαθμούς Κελσίου και ένταση ανέμων 6 Μποφόρ. Η φωτιά επεκτάθηκε γρήγορα και στις έξι ημέρες διάρκειάς της έκαψε συνολικά 120.000 στρ. πευκοδάσους και καλλιεργειών. Στα σημεία ακμής της επιχείρησαν από αέρος 2 ελικόπτερα και 9 πυροσβεστικά αεροσκάφη. Στις χερσαίες επιχειρήσεις συμμετείχαν πυροσβεστικά οχήματα της Πυροσβεστικής, μικρά οχήματα του τοπικού οργανισμού δασοπυρόσβεσης και ομάδες εθελοντών. Αν και, στην αρχή απαγορεύτηκε από τον Δήμο Νότιας Ρόδου η χρήση αντι-πύρ, οι κάτοικοι του Αγίου Ισιδώρου χρησιμοποίησαν αυτή την τεχνική με επιτυχία, 10 χλμ έξω από το χωριό τους αποτρέποντας την φωτιά να πλησιάσει στο χωριό.
Σημειώσεις [Επεξεργασία]

Λεπτομερείς ναυτιλιακές πληροφορίες για την νήσο Ρόδο παρέχει ο Ελληνικός Πλοηγός 4ος τόμος και ιδιαίτερα ο χάρτης ελληνικής έκδοσης: ΧΕΕ-453 που καλύπτει και τη νήσο Χάλκη Δωδεκανήσου, αλλά και ο χάρτης ΧΕΕ-452 που καλύπτει όλο τον θαλάσσιο χώρο μέχρι Καστελόριζο και τις έναντι ακτές της Μικράς Ασίας.
Πρόσωπα [Επεξεργασία]



Ο ναός του Απόλλωνα στην ακρόπολη της Ρόδου(πόλη)
Ιμαλία, μυθική νύμφη
Κλεόβουλος (6ος αιώνας π.Χ.), τύραννος της Λίνδου και ένας από τους επτά σοφούς
Χάρης ο Λίνδιος (3ος αιώνας π.Χ.), γλύπτης, δημιουργός του Κολοσσού της Ρόδου
Ίππαρχος (2ος αιώνας π.Χ.), αστρονόμος, γεωγράφος, χαρτογράφος και μαθηματικός
Παναίτιος (185 π.Χ.-109 π.Χ.), φιλόσοφος
Διαγόρας ολυμπιονίκης αθλητής
Βιβλιογραφία [Επεξεργασία]

"Ρόδος: Το όνομα της Ρόδου". Ειδικό αφιέρωμα περιοδικού Γεωτρόπιο, τεύχος 12 σ.20-31 (Ιουλ. 2000)
Esther Fintz Menascé: Gli Ebrei a Rodi. Storia di un’antica comunità annientata dai nazisti. 2. ed., 5. rist. Guerini e associati, Mailand 2000, ISBN 88-7802-312-4.
Χριστόδουλος Παπαχριστοδούλου: Ιστορία τής Ρόδου: Από τούς προϊστορικούς χρόνους έως την ενσωμάτωση τής Δωδεκανήσου (1948). Δέμοδ Ρόδου, Σεγέ Γαμματόν καί Τεχόν Δώδεκανήσου, Αθήνα 1994. (Σειρά αυτοτελών εκδόσεων. αρ. 1).
Μαρία Ευθυμίου-Χατζηλάκου, «Γαλλική προξενική έκθεση για τη Ρόδο του 1731», π. Δωδεκανησιακά Χρονικά, 13 (1989), σ.269-276
Εξωτερικές συνδέσεις [Επεξεργασία]


Τα Κοινά έχουν πολυμέσα σχετικά με το θέμα
Ρόδος
Δήμος Ροδίων
Δημόσια κεντρική βιβλιοθήκη Ρόδου
Τουριστικές πληροφορίες από το Wikitravel (Αγγλικά)
Πανεπιστήμιο Αιγαίου - Τμήματα Ρόδου
Δρομολόγια Αστικών - Υπεραστικών Λεωφορείων
Το νησί των πεταλούδων (Αρχείο ντοκιμαντέρ της Ε.Ρ.Τ.)
Ο κολοσσός του Ήλιου (Αρχείο ντοκιμαντέρ της Ε.Ρ.Τ.)
[εμφάνιση]
π • σ • ε
Δωδεκάνησα
[απόκρυψη]
π • σ • ε
Πρόγραμμα Καλλικράτης: Διοικητική διαίρεση της Περιφέρειας Νοτίου Αιγαίου
Έκταση: 5.286 χμ² • Πληθυσμός : 302.686 (απογρ. 2001) • Πρωτεύουσα: Ερμούπολη
Π.Ε. Άνδρου
Δήμος Άνδρου

Π.Ε. Θήρας
Δήμος Ανάφης • Δήμος Θήρας • Δήμος Ιητών • Δήμος Σικίνου • Δήμος Φολεγάνδρου
Π.Ε. Καλύμνου
Δήμος Αγαθονησίου • Δήμος Αστυπάλαιας • Δήμος Καλυμνίων • Δήμος Λειψών • Δήμος Λέρου • Δήμος Πάτμου
Π.Ε. Καρπάθου
Δήμος Καρπάθου • Δήμος Κάσου
Π.Ε. Κέας-Κύθνου
Δήμος Κέας • Δήμος Κύθνου
Π.Ε. Κω
Δήμος Κω • Δήμος Νισύρου
Π.Ε. Μήλου
Δήμος Κιμώλου • Δήμος Μήλου • Δήμος Σερίφου • Δήμος Σίφνου
Π.Ε. Μυκόνου
Δήμος Μυκόνου
Π.Ε. Νάξου
Δήμος Αμοργού • Δήμος Νάξου & Μικρών Κυκλάδων
Π.Ε. Πάρου
Δήμος Αντιπάρου • Δήμος Πάρου
Π.Ε. Ρόδου
Δήμος Μεγίστης • Δήμος Ρόδου • Δήμος Σύμης • Δήμος Τήλου • Δήμος Χάλκης
Π.Ε. Σύρου
Δήμος Σύρου-Ερμούπολης
Π.Ε. Τήνου
Δήμος Τήνου
Περιφερειάρχης: Ιωάννης Μαχαιρίδης • Ιστότοπος: www.notioaigaio.gr
Κατηγορίες: ΡόδοςΔωδεκάνησαΕλληνικά Μνημεία Παγκόσμιας Κληρονομιάς

قس انگلیسی
Rhodes (Greek: Ρόδος, Ródos, [ˈroðos]) is an island in Greece, located in the eastern Aegean Sea. It is the largest of the Dodecanese islands in terms of both land area and population, with a population of 117,007,[1] and also the island group's historical capital. Administratively the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the South Aegean region. The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Rhodes.[2] The city of Rhodes had 53,709 inhabitants in 2001. It is located northeast of Crete, southeast of Athens and southwest of the Anatolian coast in Turkey.

Historically, Rhodes was famous worldwide for the Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The medieval Old Town of the City of Rhodes has been declared a World Heritage Site. Today, it is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe.[3][4][5][6]

Contents [show]
Name

The island has been known as Ρόδος in Greek throughout its history. In addition, the island has been called Italian: Rodi, Ottoman Turkish: ردوس Rodos, and Ladino: Rodi or Rodes.

Geography



Topography of Rhodes
Rhodes is closer to Asia Minor than to the Greek mainland.

The island of Rhodes is shaped like a spearhead, 79.7 km (49.5 mi) long and 38 km (24 mi) wide, with a total area of approximately 1,400 square kilometres (541 sq mi) and a coastline of approximately 220 km (137 mi). The city of Rhodes is located at the northern tip of the island, as well as the site of the ancient and modern commercial harbours. The main air gateway (Diagoras International Airport, IATA code: RHO) is located 14 km (9 mi) to the southwest of the city in Paradisi. The road network radiates from the city along the east and west coasts.

Outside of the city of Rhodes, the island is dotted with small villages and beach resorts, among them Faliraki, Lindos, Kremasti, Haraki, Pefkos, Archangelos, Afantou, Koskinou, Embona (Attavyros), Paradisi, and Trianta (Ialysos).

It is situated 363 km (226 mi) east-south-east from Greece mainland and only 18 km (11 mi) from the southern shore of Turkey.

Climate
[hide]Climate data for Rhodes
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 14.9
(58.8) 15.2
(59.4) 16.9
(62.4) 20.2
(68.4) 24.3
(75.7) 28.4
(83.1) 30.5
(86.9) 30.6
(87.1) 28.3
(82.9) 24.4
(75.9) 20.1
(68.2) 16.6
(61.9) 22.53
(72.56)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.7
(53.1) 12.0
(53.6) 13.6
(56.5) 16.7
(62.1) 20.5
(68.9) 24.7
(76.5) 26.9
(80.4) 26.9
(80.4) 24.6
(76.3) 20.6
(69.1) 16.4
(61.5) 13.4
(56.1) 19.00
(66.20)
Average low °C (°F) 8.6
(47.5) 8.7
(47.7) 10.0
(50.0) 12.7
(54.9) 15.8
(60.4) 19.8
(67.6) 22.2
(72.0) 22.6
(72.7) 20.5
(68.9) 16.8
(62.2) 13.1
(55.6) 10.4
(50.7) 15.10
(59.18)
Precipitation mm (inches) 147.8
(5.819) 117.7
(4.634) 75.3
(2.965) 24.0
(0.945) 14.0
(0.551) 2.9
(0.114) 0.1
(0.004) 0.1
(0.004) 7.1
(0.28) 64.3
(2.531) 88.4
(3.48) 145.3
(5.72) 687
(27.05)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 11.5 9.0 6.7 3.4 1.9 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.9 4.5 6.3 10.8 55.7
Source: Hong Kong Observatory[7]
Flora
The interior of the island is mountainous, sparsely inhabited and covered with forests of pine (Pinus brutia) and cypress (Cupressus sempervirens). While the shores are rocky, the island has arable strips of land where citrus fruit, wine grapes, vegetables, olives and other crops are grown.

Fauna
The Rhodian population of fallow deer was found to be genetically distinct in 2005, and to be of urgent conservation concern.[8] In Petaludes Valley (Greek for "Valley of the Butterflies"), large numbers of tiger moths gather during the summer months. Mount Attavyros, at 1,216 metres (3,990 ft), is the island's highest point of elevation.

Geology - Earthquakes
Earthquakes include the 226 BC earthquake that destroyed the Colossus of Rhodes; one on 3 May 1481 which destroyed much of the city of Rhodes;[9] and one on 26 June 1926.[10]

On 15 July 2008, Rhodes was struck by a 6.3 magnitude earthquake causing minor damage to a few old buildings. One woman lost her life when she fell down stairs while trying to flee her home.[11]

History

Antiquity
Further information: Rhodes (city)


Historic map of Rhodes by Piri Reis
The island was inhabited in the Neolithic period, although little remains of this culture. In the 16th century BC, the Minoans came to Rhodes. Later Greek mythology recalled a Rhodian race called the Telchines, and associated the island of Rhodes with Danaus; it was sometimes nicknamed Telchinis. In the 15th century BC, Mycenaean Greeks invaded. After the Bronze Age collapse, the first renewed outside contacts were with Cyprus.[12] In the 8th century BC, the island's settlements started to form, with the coming of the Dorians, who built the three important cities of Lindos, Ialyssos and Kameiros, which together with Kos, Cnidus and Halicarnassus (on the mainland) made up the so-called Dorian Hexapolis (Greek for six cities).

Before archaeology, myth stood in for blanks in the historical record. In Pindar's ode, the island was said to be born of the union of Helios the sun god and the nymph Rhode, and the cities were named for their three sons. The rhoda is a pink hibiscus native to the island. Diodorus Siculus added that Actis, one of the sons of Helios and Rhode, travelled to Egypt. He built the city of Heliopolis and taught the Egyptians the science of astrology.[13]

In the second half of the 8th century, the sanctuary of Athena received votive gifts that are markers for cultural contacts: small ivories from the Near East and bronze objects from Syria. At Kameiros on the northwest coast, a former Bronze Age site, where the temple was founded in the 8th century, there is another notable contemporaneous sequence of carved ivory figurines. Phoenician presence on the island at Ialysos is attested in traditions recorded much later by Rhodian historians.[citation needed]



The Acropolis of Lindos


Ruins of Kameiros
The Persians invaded and overran the island, but were in turn defeated by forces from Athens in 478 BC. The cities joined the Athenian League. When the Peloponnesian War broke out in 431 BC, Rhodes remained largely neutral, although it remained a member of the League. The war lasted until 404 BC, but by this time Rhodes had withdrawn entirely from the conflict and decided to go her own way.[citation needed]

In 408 BC, the cities united to form one territory. They built the city of Rhodes, a new capital on the northern end of the island. Its regular plan was superintended by the Athenian architect Hippodamus. The Peloponnesian War had so weakened the entire Greek culture that it lay open to invasion. In 357 BC, the island was conquered by the king Mausolus of Caria, then it fell to the Persians in 340 BC. Their rule was also short. To the great relief of its citizens, Rhodes became a part of the growing empire of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after he defeated the Persians.[citation needed]

Following the death of Alexander, his generals vied for control of the kingdom. Three: Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Antigonus, succeeded in dividing the kingdom among themselves. Rhodes formed strong commercial and cultural ties[14] with the Ptolemies in Alexandria, and together formed the Rhodo-Egyptian alliance that controlled trade throughout the Aegean in the 3rd century BC.

The city developed into a maritime, commercial and cultural center; its coins circulated nearly everywhere in the Mediterranean. Its famous schools of philosophy, science, literature and rhetoric shared masters with Alexandria: the Athenian rhetorician Aeschines, who formed a school at Rhodes; Apollonius of Rhodes; the observations and works of the astronomers Hipparchus and Geminus, the rhetorician Dionysios Trax. Its school of sculptors developed a rich, dramatic style that can be characterized as "Hellenistic Baroque".[citation needed]

In 305 BC, Antigonus directed his son, Demetrius, to besiege Rhodes in an attempt to break its alliance with Egypt. Demetrius created huge siege engines, including a 180 ft (55 m) battering ram and a siege tower named Helepolis that weighed 360,000 pounds (163,293 kg). Despite this engagement, in 304 BC after only one year, he relented and signed a peace agreement, leaving behind a huge store of military equipment. The Rhodians sold the equipment and used the money to erect a statue of their sun god, Helios, the statue since called the Colossus of Rhodes.[citation needed]

Rhodes strategic goals throughout the 3rd century were to secure her independence and her commerce, most especially her virtual control over the grain trade in the eastern Mediterranean. Both of these goals were dependent upon no one of the three great Hellenistic states achieving dominance, and consequently the Rhodians pursued a policy of maintaining a balance of power among the Antigonids, Seleucids and Ptolemies, even if that meant going to war with her traditional ally, Egypt. To this end they employed as leverage their economy and their excellent navy, which was manned by proverbially the finest sailors in the Mediterranean world: “If we have ten Rhodians, we have ten ships.”[citation needed]

Rhodes successfully carried on this policy through the course of the 3rd century, an impressive achievement for what was essentially a democratic state. By the end of that period, however, the balance of power was crumbling, as declining Ptolemaic power made Egypt an attractive target for Seleucid ambitions. In the 203/2 the young and dynamic kings of Antigonid Macedon and Seleucid Asia, Philip V and Antiochus III, agreed to accept – at least temporarily - one another’s military plans, Philip’s campaign in the Aegean and western Anatolia and Antiochus’ final solution of the Egyptian question. Heading a coalition of small states that checked Philip’s navy but not his superior army and now without a third power to which to turn, the Rhodians appealed in 201 to the newest world power, Rome.[citation needed]

Despite being exhausted by the titanic struggle against Hannibal (218-201) the Romans agreed to intervene, having already been stabbed in the back by Philip during the war against Carthage. The Senate saw the appeal from Rhodes and her allies as the opportunity to pressure Philip, perhaps into submission but more likely war, and to do so with ready naval allies and under an excellent PR banner: “Freedom for the Greeks!” The result was the Second Macedonian War (200-196), which ended Macedon’s role as a major player and preserved Rhodian independence.[citation needed]

The Romans actually withdrew from the Balkan Peninsula, but the resulting power vacuum quickly drew in Antiochus and subsequently the Romans, who easily polished off (192-188) the last Mediterranean power that might even vaguely threaten the city on the Tiber. In essence the Roman Empire was completed. Having provided Rome with valuable naval help in her first foray into Asia, the Rhodians were rewarded with territory and enhanced status.[citation needed] The Romans once again evacuated the east – the Senate preferred clients to provinces – but it was clear that Rome now ruled the world and Rhodian autonomy was ultimately dependent upon good relations with them.[citation needed]

And those good graces soon evaporated in the wake of the Third Macedonian War (171-168). Rhodes remained scrupulously neutral during the war, but in the view of hostile elements in the Senate she had been a bit too friendly with the defeated King Perseus. Some actually proposed declaring war on the island republic, but this was averted. In 164, Rhodes became a permanent ally of Rome, ending an independence that no longer had any meaning.[clarification needed] It was said that the Romans ultimately turned against the Rhodians because the islanders were the only people they had encountered who were more arrogant than themselves.[citation needed]

After surrendering its independence Rhodes became a cultural and educational center for Roman noble families and was especially noted for its teachers of rhetoric, such as Hermagoras and the unknown author of Rhetorica ad Herennium. At first, the state was an important ally of Rome and enjoyed numerous privileges, but these were later lost in various machinations of Roman politics. Cassius eventually invaded the island and sacked the city. In the early Empire Rhodes became a favorite place for political exiles.[15]



Woodcut engraving depicting the Byzantine city of Rhodes by Hartmann Schedel (1493)


Mortar of the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem (Knights Hospitaller), Rhodes, 1480–1500, fired 260 lb (118 kg) cannon balls.
In the 1st century AD, the Emperor Tiberius spent a brief term of exile on Rhodes. Saint Paul brought Christianity to people on the island.[16] Rhodes reached her zenith in the 3rd century.

Medieval period
In 395, the long Byzantine period began for Rhodes, when the eastern half of the Roman empire became gradually more Greek.

Beginning after 600 AD, its influence in maritime issues was manifested in the collection of maritime law known as "Rhodian Sea Law" (Nomos Rhodion Nautikos), accepted throughout the Mediterranean and in use throughout Byzantine times (and influencing the development of admiralty law up to the present).[citation needed]

Rhodes was occupied by the Islamic Umayyad forces of Muawiyah I in 654, who carried off the remains of the Colossus of Rhodes. The island was captured[clarification needed] by the Arabs before 674 as part of their attack on Constantinople. When their fleet was destroyed by storms and Greek fire, the island was evacuated. In 715 the Byzantine fleet launched a rebellion at Rhodes, which led to the installation of Theodosios III on the Byzantine throne. [17]

From the early 8th to the 12th centuries, Rhodes belonged to the Cibyrrhaeot Theme of the Byzantine Empire, and a center for shipbuilding and commerce.[17] In circa 1090, it was occupied by the Muslim forces of the Seljuk Turks, not long after the Battle of Manzikert.[18] Rhodes was recaptured by the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos during the First Crusade.

As Byzantine central power weakened under the Angeloi emperors, in the first half of the 13th century, Rhodes became the center of an independent domain under Leo Gabalas and his brother John, until it was occupied by the Genoese in 1248–1250. The Genoese were evicted by the Empire of Nicaea, after which the island became a regular province of the Nicaean state (and later of the restored Byzantine Empire).

In 1309, the Byzantine era came to an end when the island was occupied by forces of the Knights Hospitaller. Under the rule of the newly named "Knights of Rhodes", the city was rebuilt into a model of the European medieval ideal. Many of the city's famous monuments, including the Palace of the Grand Master, were built during this period.

The strong walls which the Knights had built withstood the attacks of the Sultan of Egypt in 1444, and a siege by the Ottomans under Mehmed II in 1480. Eventually, however, Rhodes fell to the large army of Suleiman the Magnificent in December 1522. The few surviving Knights were permitted to retire to the Kingdom of Sicily, from where they would later move their base of operations to Malta. Rhodes was thereafter a possession of the Ottoman Empire for nearly four centuries.

Modern history
The island was populated by ethnic groups from the surrounding nations, including Jews. Under Ottoman rule, they generally did fairly well, but discrimination and bigotry occasionally arose. In February 1840, the Jews of Rhodes were falsely accused of ritually murdering a Christian boy. This became known as the Rhodes blood libel.

Austria opened a Post-office at RHODUS (Venetian name) before 1864[19], as witnessed by those 2 stamps with Franz-Josef head:


5 soldi Austrian Levant stamp cancelled in brown RHODUS[20]


2 piaster Levant stamp Österr. Post at RODI in 1895
In 1912, Italy seized Rhodes from the Turks during the Italo-Turkish War. The island's population thus bypassed many of the events associated with the "exchange of the minorities" between Greece and Turkey. Due to the Treaty of Lausanne, the island, together with the rest of the Dodecanese, was officially assigned to Italy. It became the core of their possession of the Isole Italiane dell'Egeo.

Following the Italian Armistice of 8 September 1943, the British attempted to get the Italian garrison on Rhodes to change sides. This was anticipated by the German Army, which succeeded in occupying the island. In great measure, the German occupation caused the British failure in the subsequent Dodecanese Campaign.

On 19 July 1944, the Gestapo rounded up the island's nearly 2,000 Jewish inhabitants to send them to extermination camps. About 160 of the island's more than 600 Greek Jews survived. The Turkish Consul Selahattin Ülkümen succeeded, at considerable risk to himself and his family, in saving 42 Jewish families, about 200 persons in total, who had Turkish citizenship or were members of Turkish citizens' families.

In 1947, together with the other islands of the Dodecanese, Rhodes was united with Greece.

In 1949, Rhodes was the venue for negotiations between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, concluding with the 1949 Armistice Agreements.

Archaeology



Ruins of Apollo Temple at the Acropolis of Rhodes
In ancient times, Rhodes was home to one of the Seven Wonders of the World—the Colossus of Rhodes. This giant bronze statue was documented as once standing at the harbour. It was completed in 280 BC but was destroyed in an earthquake in 224 BC. No trace of the statue remains today.

Historical sites on the island of Rhodes include the Acropolis of Lindos, the Acropolis of Rhodes, the Temple of Apollo, ancient Ialysos, ancient Kamiros, the Governor's Palace, Rhodes Old Town (walled medieval city), the Palace of the Grand Masters, Kahal Shalom Synagogue in the Jewish Quarter, the Archeological Museum, the ruins of the castle of Monolithos, the castle of Kritinia, St. Catherine Hospice and Rhodes Footbridge.

A theater and stadium[clarification needed] is just below (east of) the Temple of Apollo.[citation needed]

Religion

The predominant religion is Greek Orthodox. There is a significant Roman Catholic[21] minority on the island, many of whom are descendants of Italians who remained after the end of the Italian occupation. Rhodes has a Muslim minority, a remnant from Ottoman Turkish times.

The Jewish community of Rhodes[22] goes back to the 1st century AD. In 1480, the Jews actively defended the walled city against the Turks. Kahal Shalom, established in 1557, is the oldest synagogue in Greece and still stands in the Jewish quarter of the old town of Rhodes. At its peak in the 1920s, the Jewish community was one-third of the town's total population.[23] In the 1940s, there were about 2000 Jews of various ethnic backgrounds. The Germans deported and killed most of the community during the Holocaust. Kahal Shalom has been renovated with the help of foreign donors but few Jews live year-round in Rhodes today, so services are not held on a regular basis.[24]



The castle of Monolithos


Panorama of Lindos


Church in Kremasti


A nighttime view from the old town of Rhodes


Palace of the (Prince) Grand Master—Rhodes


Modern bronze deer statues in Mandraki harbor, where the Colossus of Rhodes may have stood


Mandraki harbor during night
Government

The present municipality Rhodes was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 10 former municipalities, that became municipal units (constituent communities in brackets):[2]

Afantou (Afantou, Archipoli)
Archangelos (Archangelos, Malonas, Masari)
Attavyros (Emponas, Kritinia, Monolithos, Siana, Agios Isidoros)
Ialysos
Kallithea (Kalythies, Koskinou, Psinthos)
Kameiros (Soroni, Apollona, Dimylia, Kalavarda, Platania, Salakos, Fanes)
Lindos (Lindos, Kalathos, Laerma, Lardos, Pylona)
Petaloudes (Kremasti, Pastida, Maritsa, Paradeisi, Theologos, Damatria)
Rhodes
South Rhodes (Gennadi, Apolakkia, Arnitha, Asklipieio, Vati, Istrios, Kattavia, Lachania, Mesanagros, Profilia)
The municipality covers the island of Rhodes and a few uninhabited offshore islets. Rhodes city was the capital of the former Dodecanese Prefecture. Rhodes is the most populated island of the South Aegean Region.

Towns and villages
Rhodes has 43 towns and villages:

Town/Village Population Municipal unit Town/Village Population Municipal unit
Rhodes City 80,000 Rhodes Gennadi 655 South Rhodes
Ialysos 15,000 Ialysos Salakos 607 Kamiros
Afantou 5,933 Afantou Kritinia 606 Attavyros
Kalythies 5,861 Kallithea Kattavia 590 South Rhodes
Archangelos 5,752 Archangelos Dimylia 515 Kamiros
Kremasti 4,585 Petaloudes Kalavarda 512 Kamiros
Koskinou 3,224 Kallithea Pylona 504 Lindos
Paradeisi 2,646 Petaloudes Istrios 485 South Rhodes
Pastida 1,803 Petaloudes Damatria 477 Petaloudes
Maritsa 1,766 Petaloudes Laerma 446 South Rhodes
Empona 1,451 Attavyros Apolakkia 415 South Rhodes
Soroni 1,236 Kamiros Platania 383 Kamiros
Lardos 1,212 Lindos Kalathos 380 Lindos
Psinthos 1,166 Kallithea Lachania 341 South Rhodes
Malona 1,096 Archangelos Monolithos 334 Attavyros
Lindos 1,091 Lindos Mesanagros 330 South Rhodes
Apollona 997 Kamiros Profilia 326 South Rhodes
Massari 931 Archangelos Arnitha 310 South Rhodes
Fanes 895 Kamiros Siana 244 Attavyros
Theologos 856 Petaloudes Vati 188 South Rhodes
Archipoli 779 Afantou Agios Isidoros Attavyros
Asklipio 673 South Rhodes
Economy

The economy is tourist-oriented, and the most developed sector is service. Small industries process imported raw materials for local retail, though other industry includes agricultural goods production, stockbreeding, fishery and winery.

Transportation

Road network
The road network of the island is mostly modern and paved. There are four major arteries:

Rhodes-Kamiros Province Avenue: Two lane, runs through the west coast north to south and connects Rhodes City with Diagoras Airport and Kamiros.
Rhodes-Lindos National Avenue (Greek National Road 95): Four and two lane, runs mainly inland north to south and connects Rhodes City with Lindos.
Rhodes-Kallithea Province Avenue: Two lane, runs through the east coast north to south and connects Rhodes City with Faliraki Resort.
Tsairi-Airport National Avenue: Four and two lane, runs inland east to west and connects the east coast with the west and the airport.
Future roads:

Further widening of E-95 from Faliraki to Lindos. This is to be four lane with jersey barrier in the middle, about 36 km (22 mi) in length, with the first part scheduled to start in August 2007.
Plans also exist for a new four lane express road connecting Rhodes Town with Diagoras Airport that will reduce congestion on the coastal west avenue.
The first phase of construction of the Rhodes City ringway was begun a few years ago, but progress has been slow.
Cars and motorbikes
Families in Rhodes often own more than one car, along with a motorbike. Traffic jams are common particularly in the summer months. The island is served by 450 taxis.

Bus
Bus services are handled by two operators:

RODA: Rhodes City company that also services suburban areas (Faliraki, Ialysos, Kremasti, Airport, Pastida, Maritsa, Paradeisi) and the entire west coast (blue-white colored).
KTEL: State-owned buses that serve villages and resorts in the east coast (yellow-orange colored).
Air


Rhodes Diagoras International, Arrivals terminal.
Rhodes has three airports but only one is public. Diagoras Airport, one of the biggest in Greece, is the main entrance/exit point for both locals and tourists. The island is well connected with other major Greek cities and islands as well as with major European capitals and cities via charter flights.

Rhodes International Airport, "Diagoras": public airport, 14 km (9 mi) south west of Rhodes City, third in international passenger volume and fourth in total passenger volume in Greece.
Rhodes Maritsa Airport: closed to public, near Maritsa village. Built in 1938 by the Italians was the first airport of the island and used to be the public airport until 1977. Nowadays serves the Hellenic Air Force and is sometimes used for car races.
Kalathos Airfield: inoperative, 7 km (4 mi) north of Lindos. Built by the Italians during World War II, was called Aeroporto di Gadurrà. Today only the runway is visible.
Kattavia Airstrip, located in the south of the island it was an emergency airstrip built by the Italians during World War II. Today it is abandoned.[clarification needed]
Two pilot schools offer aviation services (small plane rental, island hopping).

Sea


The Kamiros Skala Dock
Rhodes has five ports, three of them in Rhodes City, one in the west coast near Kamiros and one in east coast near Lardos.

Central Port: located in the city of Rhodes serves domestic and international traffic.
Kolona Port: opposite the central port, serves intra-Dodecanese traffic and large yachts.
Akandia Port: the new port of the island next to the central port, being built since 1960s, for domestic and international traffic. At the moment serves cruise ships on peak days.
Kamiros Skala Dock: 30 km (19 mi) south west of the city near Ancient Kamiros ruins serves mainly the island of Halki
Lardos Dock: formerly servicing local industries, now under development as an alternative port for times when the central port is inaccessible due to weather conditions. It is situated in a rocky shore near the village of Lardos in south east Rhodes.
Culture

Sports


Diagoras Stadium
Football: AS Rodos and Diagoras F.C., both Rhodes City based teams, compete professionally at the national level. Local football leagues (organized at the prefecture level) contain three divisions with more than 50 teams. Many stadiums are grass covered.
Basketball: Colossus BC sponsors professional basketball and has joined the Greek A1 League. The local league includes two divisions with 14 teams. Two indoor courts exist in Rhodes City, and one each in Ialysos and Kremasti. Several other are planned for Rhodes City Pales De Sports, Faliraki, Afantou, and South Rhodes.
Volleyball: local teams only.
Water Polo: mostly amateur based. There is no single indoor pool on the island.
Rugby: introduced in 2007. Teams compete at the national level.
Tennis: tennis has a long history on the island.
Sailing: widely developed, offers competition at the international level.
Cycling: for a long period of time Rhodes had the only cycling track in Greece, producing Olympics level competitors.
Rhodes competes in the bi-annual Island Games, which it hosted in 2007.[25]
In popular culture
In ancient times there was a Roman saying: "Hic Rhodus, hic salta!"—"Rhodes is here, here perform your jump", an admonition to prove one's idle boasts by deed rather than talk. It comes from an Aesop's fable called "The Boastful Athlete", and was cited by Hegel and Marx.
Lawrence Durrell's Reflections on a Marine Venus (1953) is the author's semi-autobiographical account of his stay on the Island after World War II.
Many of the outdoor scenes of The Guns of Navarone (starring Gregory Peck, David Niven and Anthony Quinn) and Escape to Athena (starring Roger Moore and Telly Savalas) were filmed on the island of Rhodes.
In the PlayStation 2 game God of War II, both Rhodes and the Colossus of Rhodes are featured at the start of the game, offering a mythological theory as to how the Colossus was destroyed. The Colossus of Rhodes is a common feature in many games, for example, it can be built as a "Wonder" in Rise of Nations and the Civilization series of games.
In one book of the Roman Mysteries series of children's novels by Caroline Lawrence, the main characters visit Rhodes to stop the trading of slave labour.
Notable people


Diagoras of Rhodes carried in the stadium by his two sons
Agesander, (1st century BC) sculptor
Chares of Lindos (3rd century BC), sculptor
Cleobulus of Lindos (6th century BC), philosopher and one of the Seven Sages of Ancient Greece
Diagoras of Rhodes (5th century BC), boxer, multiple Olympic winner
Dinocrates (4th century BC), architect and technical adviser for Alexander the Great
Leonidas, (2nd century BC) athlete
Memnon (380–333 BC), commander of mercenary army
Timocreon, (5th century BC) poet
International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities
Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rhodes
References

Notes
^ As of 2001
^ a b Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior (Greek)
^ Paul Hellander, Greece, 2008
^ Duncan Garwood, Mediterranean Europe, 2009
^ Ryan Ver Berkmoes, Oliver Berry, Geert Cole, David Else, Western Europe, 2009
^ Harry Coccossis, Alexandra Mexa, The challenge of tourism carrying capacity assessment: theory and practice, 2004
^ "Climatological Information for " – Hong Kong Observatory
^ Marco, M; Cavallaro, A; Pecchioli, E & Vernesi, C (2006-11-11), "Artificial Occurrence of the Fallow Deer, Dama dama dama (L., 1758), on the Island of Rhodes (Greece): Insight from mtDNA Analysis", Human Evolution 21, No. 2: 167–175, doi:10.1007/s11598-006-9014-9
^ "Rhodes, Greece, 1481" Jan Kozak Collection: KZ13, The Earthquake Engineering Online Archive
^ Ambraseys, N. N. and Adams, R. D. (1998) "The Rhodes earthquake of 26 June 1926" Journal of Seismology 2(3): pp. 267–292.
^ "Earthquake's aftermath", Discover Rhodes. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
^ B. d'Agostino, "Funerary customs and society on Rhodes in the Geometric Period: some observations", in E. Herring and I. Lemos, eds. Across Frontiers: Etruscans, Greeks, Phoenicians and Cypriots. Studies in Honour of D. Ridgway and F.R. Serra Ridgway 2006:57-69.
^ The Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus, Book V, ch.III. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2010-01-24.
^ A. Agelarakis “Demographic Dynamics and Funerary Rituals as Reflected from Rhodian Handra Urns”, Archival Report, Archaeological and Historical Institute of Rhodes, 2005
^ On Rhodes in antiquity see esp. R.M. Berthold, Rhodes in the Hellenistic Age Ithaca 1984.
^ See Acts 21.
^ a b Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, pp. 1791–1792, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6
^ Brownworth, Lars (2009) Lost to the West: The Forgotten Byzantine Empire That Rescued Western Civilization, Crown Publishers, ISBN 978-0-307-40795-5: ". . . the Muslims captured Ephesus in 1090 and spread out to the Greek islands. Chios, Rhodes, and Lesbos fell in quick succession." p. 233.
^ Handbook of Austria and Lombardy-Venetia Cancellations on the Postage Stamp Issues 1850-1864, by Edwin MUELLER, 1961, p.217
^ Die Poststempel auf der Freimarken-Ausgabe 1867 von Österreich und Ungarn, Edwin Mueller, 1930, # 6847
^ "Καθολικη Εκκλησια Τησ Ροδου". Catholicchurchrhodes.com. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
^ See Angel, Marc. The Jews of Rhodes: The History of a Sephardic Community. Sepher-Hermon Press Inc. and The Union of Sephardic Congregations. New York: 1978 (1st ed.), 1980 (2nd ed.), 1998 (3rd ed.).
^ "History of Jewish Greece". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2010-01-24.
^ "The Virtual Jewish History Tour — Greece". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2010-01-24.
^ International Island Games Association website. Retrieved 27Jun08.
External links

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Textbooks from Wikibooks
City of Rhodes official website
Rhodes travel guide from Wikitravel
Bennet, J., G. Reger, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies, , S. Gillies. "Places: 590031 (Rhodos Ins.)". Pleiades. Retrieved March 8, 2012 12:23 pm.
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Categories: Populated places in RhodesRhodesMediterranean islandsMunicipalities of the South Aegean