دربند

دربند(Дербе́нт) جنوبی‌ترین شهر فدراسیون روسیه و از لحاظ اهمیت دومین شهر داغستان با جمعیتی بالغ بر ۱۰۱۰۳۱ (بر پایهٔ آمار ۲۰۰۲) است. آذری‌ها و لزگی‌ها و تبرسرها بیشترین ساکنان این شهر را تشکیل می‌دهند.
محتویات [نمایش]
تاریخچه [ویرایش]

دربند قدیمی‌ترین شهر فدراسیون روسیه است و به عنوان دروازه قفقاز از قرنها قبل به عنوان یک منطقه استراتژیک ارزش بسیاری داشته‌است.
این شهر تا سده ۴ میلادی بخشی از آلبانیای قفقاز بوده. نام فارسی دربند از اواخر سده پنجم میلادی بر شهر نهاده شد یعنی از زمان قباد یکم ساسانی. خسرو یکم پسر قباد یکم دستور ساخت دژ دربند را داد تا مرزهای شمالی ایران را از حملات اقوام مهاجم مصون دارد.
شهر دربند در پیرامون دژ ساسانی دربند ساخته شده‌است. این دژ طی ۱۵۰۰ سال بطور پیوسته مورد استفاده بوده‌است.
دژ دربند [ویرایش]

استحکامات دربند دیوار سنگی بسیار بلندی بود که در زمان خسرو انوشیروان ساخته شد. طول آن چهل کیلومتر و از کوهستان تا کرانهٔ دریای خزر امتداد داشت و خط دفاعی بسیار مستحکمی در برابر سواران مهاجم به شمار میامد.
این دیوار که از تخته سنگ‌های بسیار بزرگ ساخته شده بود، هیجده تا بیست متر ارتفاع داشت. سی برج برفراز این دیوار قرار گرفته بود. دیوار سه دروازهٔ آهنی داشت که یک دروازهٔ آن به دریا گشوده می‌شد.
ایستمی خان ترک، در زمان خسرو انوشیروان به ایران اعلان جنگ داده و قصد حمله به ایران را داشت ولی استحکامات دربند که ایرانیان در سدهٔ قرن پنجم، برابر هیاطله پدید آورده بودند، در نظر ترکان غیر قابل گذر می‌نمود، از این رو حمله ترکان متوقف ماند.
سقوط دژ دربند [ویرایش]

در سال ۶۲۶ میلادی بار دیگر خاقانات غربی ترک جهت حمایت از بیزانس بطرف ایران حمله بردند. در این زمان جنگ شدیدی در جبهه‌های غرب ایران، بین خسرو پرویز و هراکلیوس در جریان بود.
ترکان این بار توانستند با فرماندهی خان بزرگ تون جبغو خان، ضمن حملات مداوم و پی در پی خویش خطوط دفاعی دربند را شکسته و به سوی جلگه‌های قفقاز سرازیر شوند.


حصار دربند در قفقاز برای جلوگیری از هجوم خزرها به ایران در دوره باستان
[۱]
نگارخانه [ویرایش]


دژ ساسانی دربند










پانویس [ویرایش]

↑ رضا، عنایت الله. ایران و ترکان در روزگار ساسانیان. ص ۱۶۵
جستارهای وابسته [ویرایش]

سومین جنگ ایران و ترکان
منبع [ویرایش]

رضا، عنایت الله. ایران و ترکان در روزگار ساسانیان. تهران: انتشارات علمی و فرهنگی، ۱۳۶۵
ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی
Wikipedia contributors, «Derbent,» Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derbent&oldid=192040543 (accessed February ۱۷, ۲۰۰۸).
این یک نوشتار خُرد تاریخی پیرامون ایران است. با گسترش آن به ویکی‌پدیا کمک کنید.
این یک نوشتار خُرد روسیه است. با گسترش آن به ویکی‌پدیا کمک کنید.
[نمایش]
ن • ب • و
معماری ایران
[نمایش]
ن • ب • و
میراث جهانی یونسکو در روسیه بر پایه ناحیه فدرالی
This article is about the city in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. For the district in Konya Province, Turkey, see Derbent, Konya.
Derbent (English)
Дербент (Russian)
- City[1] -


Location of the Republic of Dagestan in Russia


Derbent
Location of Derbent in the Republic of Dagestan
Coordinates: 42°04′N 48°17′ECoordinates: 42°04′N 48°17′E
Administrative status (as of April 2006)
Country Russia
Federal subject Republic of Dagestan[1]
Administratively subordinated to City of Derbent[1]
Capital of Republic of Dagestan[1]
Administrative center of City of Derbent,[1] Derbentsky District[1]
Municipal status (as of November 2006)
Urban okrug Derbent Urban Okrug[2]
Administrative center of Derbent Urban Okrug,[2] Derbentsky Municipal District[citation needed]
Statistics
Population (2010 Census) 119,961 inhabitants[3]
- Rank in 2010 136th
Population (2002 Census) 101,031 inhabitants[4]
- Rank in 2002 163rd
Time zone MSK (UTC+04:00)[5]
Derbent on WikiCommons
Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent *
UNESCO World Heritage Site

Country Russia
Type Cultural
Criteria iii, iv
Reference 1070
Region ** Europe
Inscription history
Inscription 2003 (27th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List
** Region as classified by UNESCO
Derbent (Russian: Дербе́нт; Azerbaijani: Dərbənd; Lezgian: Кьвевар; Avar: Дербенд; Lak: Чурул, Churul; Persian: دربند; Judæo-Tat: דארבּאנד/Дэрбэнд/Dərbənd[6]) is a city in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is on the Caspian Sea, north of the Azerbaijani border. It is the southernmost city in Russia, and it is the second most important city of Dagestan. Population: 119,961 (2010 Census preliminary results);[3] 101,031 (2002 Census);[4] 78,371 (1989 Census).[7]
Often identified with the legendary Gates of Alexander, Derbent claims to be the oldest city in Russia (8th century BCE)[8]. Since antiquity, the value of the area as the gate to the Caucasus has been understood, and Derbent has archaeological structures over 5,000 years old. As a result of this geographic particularity, the city developed between two walls, stretching from the mountains to the sea. These fortifications were continuously employed for a millennium and a half, longer than any other extant fortress in the world. Over the years, different nations gave the city different names, but all connected to the word gate; its name in Persian is Derbend, which means "closed gates".
Contents
1 Geography
1.1 Climate
2 History
3 Administrative and municipal status
4 Demographics
5 Economy and culture
6 Notable residents
7 International relations
7.1 Twin towns and sister cities
8 References
8.1 Notes
8.2 Sources
9 External links
Geography [edit]

The modern city is built near the western shores of the Caspian Sea, south of the Rubas River, on the slopes of the Tabasaran Mountains (part of the Bigger Caucasus range). Derbent is well served by public transport, with its own harbor, a railway going south to Baku, and the Baku to Rostov-on-Don road.
To the north of the town is the monument of the Kirk-lar, or forty heroes, who fell defending Dagestan against the Arabs in 728. To the south lies the seaward extremity of the Caucasian wall (fifty metres long), otherwise known as Alexander's Wall, blocking the narrow pass of the Iron Gate or Caspian Gates (Portae Athanae or Portae Caspiae). This, when entire, had a height of 29 ft (9 m) and a thickness of about 10 ft (3 m) and, with its iron gates and numerous watch-towers, formed a valuable defence of the Persian frontier.
Climate [edit]
[نهفتن]Climate data for Derbent
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.0
(62.6) 25.0
(77.0) 18.0
(64.4) 24.0
(75.2) 31.0
(87.8) 41.0
(105.8) 38.0
(100.4) 40.0
(104.0) 34.0
(93.2) 27.0
(80.6) 23.4
(74.1) 19.0
(66.2) 41.0
(105.8)
Average high °C (°F) 5.0
(41.0) 4.3
(39.7) 7.5
(45.5) 13.2
(55.8) 19.4
(66.9) 24.6
(76.3) 27.9
(82.2) 27.5
(81.5) 23.3
(73.9) 16.7
(62.1) 11.6
(52.9) 7.7
(45.9) 16.0
(60.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 2.0
(35.6) 5.0
(41.0) 10.2
(50.4) 16.1
(61.0) 21.4
(70.5) 24.7
(76.5) 24.2
(75.6) 20.0
(68.0) 13.8
(56.8) 9.2
(48.6) 5.3
(41.5) 13.2
(55.8)
Average low °C (°F) 0.6
(33.1) −0.2
(31.6) 2.8
(37.0) 7.4
(45.3) 12.7
(54.9) 17.7
(63.9) 21.3
(70.3) 20.7
(69.3) 16.6
(61.9) 10.9
(51.6) 6.7
(44.1) 3.1
(37.6) 10.3
(50.5)
Record low °C (°F) −14
(6.8) −10.9
(12.4) −14
(6.8) 0.1
(32.2) 1.9
(35.4) 10.0
(50.0) 12.9
(55.2) 9.0
(48.2) 6.0
(42.8) −1
(30.2) −3.9
(25.0) −12
(10.4) −14
(6.8)
Precipitation mm (inches) 13.1
(0.516) 21.2
(0.835) 19.3
(0.76) 12.0
(0.472) 16.0
(0.63) 17.4
(0.685) 33.7
(1.327) 16.2
(0.638) 26.0
(1.024) 34.3
(1.35) 17.9
(0.705) 29.4
(1.157) 256.5
(10.098)
Avg. precipitation days 15.3 15.3 10.2 7.6 5.8 2.8 2.9 6.6 7.7 10.1 10.6 10.0 104.9
Source: climatebase.ru[9]
History [edit]



View of the city from Naryn-Kala, 1910s
Derbent has an important strategic location in the Caucasus: the city is situated on a narrow, three-kilometer strip of land between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus mountains. Historically, this position allowed the rulers of Derbent to control land traffic between the Eurasian Steppe and the Middle East. The only other practicable crossing of the Caucasus ridge was over the Darial Gorge.
The first intensive settlement in the Derbent area dates from the 8th century BCE; the site was intermittently controlled by the Persian monarchs, starting from the 6th century BCE. Until the 4th century CE, it was part of Caucasian Albania and is traditionally identified with Albana, the capital. The modern name is a Persian word (دربند Darband) meaning "closed gates", which came into use in the end of the 5th or the beginning of the 6th century CE, when the city was re-established by Kavadh I of the Sassanid dynasty of Persia.
The 20-meter (66 ft) high walls with thirty north-looking towers are believed to belong to the time of Kavadh's son, Khosrau I. The chronicler Movses Kagankatvatsi wrote about "the wondrous walls, for whose construction the Persian kings exhausted our country, recruiting architects and collecting building materials with a view of constructing a great edifice stretching between the Caucasus Mountains and the Great Eastern Sea." Derbent became a strong military outpost and harbour of the Sassanid empire. During the 5th and 6th centuries, Derbent also became an important center for spreading the Christian faith in the Caucasus.
Movses Kagankatvatsi left a graphic description of the sack of Derbent by the hordes of Tong Yabghu of the Western Turkic Khaganate in 627. His successor[citation needed], Böri Shad, proved unable to consolidate Tong Yabghu's conquests, and the city was retaken by the Persians. In 654, Derbent was captured by the Arabs, who transformed it in an important administrative center and introduced Islam to the area. Because of its strategic position on the northern branch of the Silk Route, the fortress was contested by the Khazars in the course of the Khazar-Arab Wars. The Sassanids had also brought Armenians from Syunik to help protect the pass from invaders; as Arab rule weakened in the region at the end of the ninth century, the Armenians living there were able to establish a kingdom of their own, which lasted until the early years of the thirteenth century.[10][11]


Sassanian fortress in Derbent
Excavations on the eastern side of the Caspian Sea, opposite to Derbent, revealed the Great Wall of Gorgan, the eastern counterpart to the wall and fortifications of Derbent. Similar Sasanian defensive fortifications there—massive forts, garrison towns, long walls—also run from the sea to the mountains.
The Caliph Harun al-Rashid spent time living in Derbent and brought it into great repute as a seat of the arts and commerce. According to Arab historians, Derbent, with population exceeding 50,000, was the largest city of the 9th century Caucasus. In the 10th century, with the collapse of the Arab Caliphate, Derbent became the capital of an emirate. This emirate often fought losing wars with the neighboring Christian state of Sarir, allowing Sarir to occasionally manipulate Derbent politics. Despite that, the emirate outlived its rival and continued to flourish at the time of the Mongol invasion in 1239.
In the 14th century, Derbent was occupied by Tamerlane's armies. In 1437, it fell under the control of the Shirvanshahs of Azerbaijan. During the 16th century, Derbent was the arena for wars between Turkey and Persia ruled by the Iranian Safavid dynasty. The Ottoman Empire gained control of the city following the Battle of the Torches in 1583, and Ottoman ownership was secured with the Treaty of Istanbul of 1590.
By the 1735 Ganja treaty, Derbent fell within the Persian state. In 1722, during the Russo-Persian War, Peter the Great of Russia wrested the town from the Persians, but in 1736, the supremacy of Nadir Shah was again recognized. In 1747, Derbent became the capital of the khanate of the same name.
During the Persian Expedition of 1796, Derbent was stormed by Russian forces under Valerian Zubov. As a consequence of the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813—between Russian and Persia—Derbent became part of the Russian Empire.


The Caspian Gates
A large portion of the walls and several watchtowers have been preserved in reasonable shape till our days. The walls, reaching to the sea, date from the 6th century, Sassanid dynasty period. The city has a well-preserved citadel (Narin-kala), comprising an area of 45,000 m², enclosed by strong walls. Historical attractions include the baths, the cisterns, the old cemeteries, the caravanserai, the 18th-century Khan's mausoleum, as well as several mosques. The oldest mosque is the Juma Mosque, built over a 6th-century Christian basilica; it has a 15th-century madrassa. Other shrines include the 17th-century Kyrhlyar mosque, the Bala mosque and the 18th-century Chertebe mosque.
Administrative and municipal status [edit]

Derbent serves as the administrative center of Derbentsky District, although it is not administratively a part of it.[1] Administratively, it is incorporated as the City of Derbent—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] Municipally, the City of Derbent is incorporated as Derbent Urban Okrug.[2]
Demographics [edit]

The main ethnic groups are (2002 Census):[12][13]
Lezgins (32.6%)
Azeris (31.7%)
Tabasarans (15.4%)
Dargins (5.5%)
Russians (5.0%)
Aguls (2.9%)
Economy and culture [edit]

The city is home to machine building, food, textile, fishing and fishery supplies, construction materials and wood industries. It is the production center of Russian brandy. The education infrastructure is fairly extensive; there is a university as well as several technical schools. On the cultural front, there is a Lezgin drama theater (named after S. Stalsky). About two kilometers from the city is the vacation colony of Chayka (Seagull).
Derbent, being in practice a huge museum and with magnificent mountains and shore nearby, a great potential for development of the tourism industry exists, further increased by UNESCO's classification of the Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress as a World Heritage Site in 2003; however, instability in the region has not allowed further development.
Notable residents [edit]

Abramov, Shetiel Semenovich — Hero of the Soviet Union
Aliev, Shamsullo Feyzulla oglu — Hero of the Soviet Union
Bakhshiev, Misha Yusupovich - Tat Soviet writer
Eldar, Omar Hasan - sculptor, honored artist of Azerbaijan SSR (1962), People's Artist of Azerbaijan SSR (1982)
Gaidarov, Nahum Kasyanovich - Major General, a member of the Caucasian War and the campaigns in Central Asia
Guth, Fortunat Ferdinandovich - known Siberian builder and architect
Hasanov, Gottfried Alievich - composer, honored art worker of the Dagestan ASSR (1943), Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1960), author of the first Dagestani opera
Henry, Alievich Hasanov (8 July 1910 - 28 May 1973) - shipbuilder, Ph.D., a specialist in the field of shipbuilding and ship design of steam boilers and steam generators, general designer of nuclear reactors, engines, marine vessels
Izgiyaev, Sergey Davidovich (1922—1972) - The Mountain Soviet-Jewish poet, playwright and translator
Jasmine, born Sarah Manahimova - singer, Honoured Artist of the Republic of Dagestan
Kerimov, Suleiman Abusaidovich - businessman, owner of the company Nafta-Moscow
Khanmagomedov, Aydin Asadullaevich - Russian poet and innovator
Khanmagomedov, Riad Aydynovich - chief editor of 777, pazlsportu’s champion of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus
Mamedov, Shafiga Hashim oglu - Azerbaijani theater and film actress, Honored Artist of Azerbaijan SSR (1974), People's Artist of Azerbaijan SSR (1982)
Mammus al-Lakzi - an expert on hadith, a historian and one of the most influential sheikhs of al-Bab abwab, the court historian Hashimites, the author of The History of Shirvan and Derbent
Matata, Ehiil Ruvinovich - People's Commissar of Justice of the Dagestan ASSR
Mishiev, Yagutil Israelovich – writer, author of books about the history of Derbent, Dagestan, Russia. The distinguished Teacher of the Republic of Dagestan and the Russian Federation.
Mushailov, Mushael Hanuhovich (1941—2007) — a painter, a member of the USSR Union of Artists and Israel
Sadikhov, Najmeddin Huseyn - Lieutenant General, Chief of General Staff of Azerbaijan
Saradzhev, Constantine Solomonovich - Soviet conductor, teacher, music leader, People's Artist of Armenian SSR (1945), Hero of Socialist Labor (1921)
Rasulbekov, Hussein Dzhumshudovich - lieutenant-general of artillery, the commander of air defense forces of the Baku Air Defense District, the Minister of Communications of Azerbaijan SSR (1975-1984)
Solomon, Albert Romanovich - Israeli football coach
Tsvaygenbaum, Israel Iosifovich – Russian-American artist
Yusufov, Igor Hanukovich - Minister of Energy of Russia (2001-2004)
Zeynalli, Asef Zeynalabdin oglu - Azerbaijani composer and teacher, founder of the songs in Azerbaijani music
International relations [edit]

Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia
Twin towns and sister cities [edit]
Derbent is twinned with:
Ganja, Azerbaijan
Yakima, Washington, United States
Hadera, Israel
References [edit]

Notes [edit]
^ a b c d e f g h Law #16
^ a b c Law #6
^ a b Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2011). "Предварительные итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года (Preliminary results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/results-inform.php. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
^ a b Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Постановление №725 от 31 августа 2011 г. «О составе территорий, образующих каждую часовую зону, и порядке исчисления времени в часовых зонах, а также о признании утратившими силу отдельных Постановлений Правительства Российской Федерации». Вступил в силу по истечении 7 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская Газета", №197, 6 сентября 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011 On the Composition of the Territories Included into Each Time Zone and on the Procedures of Timekeeping in the Time Zones, as Well as on Abrogation of Several Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication.).
^ Its etymology derives from the Persian Darband ("closed gate"); it was known to the Arabs as Bāb al Abwab ("Gate of Gates") and to the Turks as Demirkapı ("Iron Gate").
^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров. (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)" (in Russian). Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
^ Derbent - Russia’s oldest city: 5,000 and counting
^ "Climatebase". http://climatebase.ru/station/37470/. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
^ See (Armenian) Sedrak Barkhudaryan, “Դերբենդի հայ-աղվանական թագավորությունը” (“The Armenian-Caucasian Albanian Kingdom of Derbend”). Patma-Banasirakan Handes . № 3, 1969, pp. 125-147.
^ (Armenian) Matthew of Edessa. Ժամանակնագրություն (Chronicle). Translated by Hrach Bartikyan. Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing, 1973, pp. 151-152, 332, note 132a.
^ [1]
^ http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/rndaghestan.html
Sources [edit]
Народное Собрание Республики Дагестан. Закон №16 от 10 апреля 2002 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Дагестан», в ред. Закона №23 от 4 апреля 2006 г «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Республики Дагестан в связи с прекращением полномочий Государственного Совета Республики Дагестан». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Дагестанская правда", №81, 12 апреля 2002 г. (People's Assembly of the Republic of Dagestan. Law #16 of April 10, 2002 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Republic of Dagestan, as amended by the Law #23 of April 4, 2006 On Amending Several Legislative Acts of the Republic of Dagestan Due to the Termination of Powers of the State Council of the Republic of Dagestan. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
Народное Собрание Республики Дагестан. Закон №6 от 13 января 2005 г. «О статусе и границах муниципальных образований Республики Дагестан», в ред. Закона №13 от 12 марта 2012 г «Об утверждении границ муниципальных образований Республики Дагестан и о внесении изменений в Закон Республики Дагестан "О статусе и границах муниципальных образований Республики Дагестан"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Дагестанская правда", №8, 15 февраля 2005 г. (People's Assembly of the Republic of Dagestan. Law #6 of January 13, 2005 On the Status and Borders of the Municipal Formations of the Republic of Dagestan, as amended by the Law #13 of March 12, 2012 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations of the Republic of Dagestan and on Amending the Law of the Republic of Dagestan "On the Status and Borders of the Municipal Formations of the Republic of Dagestan". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Some text used with permission from www.travel-images.com. The original text can be found here.
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External links [edit]

Derbent - Russia's oldest city: 5,000 and counting
History and attractions of Derbent
A mosque. A prison. And a mosque again. Derbent - the oldest Djuma-mosque in North Caucasus.
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Administrative divisions of the Republic of Dagestan
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World Heritage Sites in Russia by federal district
رده: مناطق مسکونی ساحلی در روسیهمناطق مسکونی حاشیه خزراسلام در روسیهشهرهای ایران قدیمشهرهای داغستانمیراث جهانی یونسکو در روسیهشهرهای خزرستان