حجر البرم

حجر البرم بفتح باء موحده و راء مهمله و الف و میم ماهیت آن سنکی است سیاه که از ان دیک* و ظروف می سازند و در خراسان بسیار است افعال و خواص آن جهت تقویت لثۀ دندان و نزف الدم مؤثر است *سنگ «هرکاره» یا «سنگ دیگ» نوعی سنگ دگرگونی از گروه تالک شیست «Talc schist»
هاست که از تغییر سنگ‌های سرپانتین تولید می‌شود. این سنگ به دلیل ساختار چرب و صابونی که دارد به «سنگ صابونی**» هم مشهور است و به دلیل ساختار نرم آن به راحتی تراشیده شده و شکل می‌گیرد. این سنگ هادی خوبی برای حرارت نبوده و از آن برای ساخت ظروف مخصوص پخت و پز
استفاده می‌شود که این امکان را می‌دهد غذا با حرارت کم و طولانی مدت پخته شود. دیگ‌ها و ظروف ساخته شده از این سنگ برای پخت غذاهای سنتی ایرانی مانند دیزی و انواع خورشت بسیار مطلب است. معادن این نوع سنگ در همه جای جهان یافت می‌شود و در ایران نیز معادن آن در زنجان،
سیستان، کرمان، خوی، ماکو، سبزوار، تربت حیدریه و بیرجند وجود دارد اما استخراج عمده و انبوه آن از معادن اطراف مشهد مقدس است. گفته می‌شود در سایر مناطق، به جز سنگ مشهد، با توجه به سختی بیش از اندازه سنگ و عدم شکل‌پذیری، امکان تولید انبوه و باکیفیت محصولات سنگی
وجود ندارد. مهم‌ترین معادن سنگ مشهد عبارتند از «بزه اوشر» Baze ušar، «بزه انقى» Baze annaqi، «بزه زکریا» Baze zakaria و «بزه نجفى» Baze najafi که عموماً در جنوب شهر مشهد واقع هستند. تولید ظروف سنگی و مجسمه از این سنگ در بسیاری از کشورهای جهان مانند هند، برزیل،
چین و ... از دیرباز انجام می‌شده است اما جالب است بدانید بسیاری از قدیمی‌ترین ظروف و آثار ساخته‌شده این سنگ در جهان در سایت‌های باستان‌شناسی کرمان مانند «تپه یحیی»، «شهداد» و «جیرفت» یافت شده‌اند. ظروف یافت‌شده از این سایت‌های باستانی مربوط به اوایل هزاره
سوم پیش از میلاد است. این سنگ امروزه نیز در بسیاری از کشورها برای تولید ظروف و مجسمه و سوغات استفاده می‌شود و شاید مثال شناخته شده از کاربرد امروزه این سنگ، مجمسه «مسیح نجات‌دهنده» در شهر ریودوژانریو با ارتفاعی بالغ بر ۳۷ متر باشد. ** Soapstone (also known
as steatite, or soaprock) is a talc-schist, which is a type ofmetamorphic rock. It is largely composed of the mineral talc and is thus rich inmagnesium. It is produced by dynamothermal metamorphism and metasomatism, which occurs in the zones where tectonic
plates are subducted, changing rocks by heat and pressure, with influx of fluids, but without melting. It has been a medium for carving for thousands of years. Contents [show] Petrology[edit] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Talc_block.jpg/220px-Talc_block.jpg
A block of talc Petrologically, soapstone is composed dominantly of talc, with varying amounts ofchlorite and amphiboles (typically tremolite, anthophyllite, and cummingtonite, obsolete name: magnesiocummingtonite), and trace to minor FeCr-oxides. It may be
schistose or massive. Soapstone is formed by the metamorphism of ultramaficprotoliths (e.g. dunite or serpentinite) and the metasomatism of siliceousdolostones. By mass, steatite is approximately 67% silica and 33% magnesia, and may contain minor quantities
of other oxides such as CaO or Al2O3. Pyrophyllite, a mineral very similar to talc, is sometimes called soapstone in the generic sense since its physical characteristics and industrial uses are similar,[citation needed] and because it is also commonly used
as a carving material. However, this mineral typically does not have such a soapy feel as soapstone. Physical characteristics[edit] Soapstone is relatively soft because of its high talc content, talc having a definitional value of 1 on the Mohs hardness scale.
Softer grades may feel soapy when touched, hence the name. There is no fixed hardness for soapstone because the amount of talc it contains varies widely, from as little as 30% for architectural grades such as those used on countertops, to as much as 80% for
carving grades. Common, non-architectural grades of soapstone can just barely be scratched with a fingernail and are thus considered to have a hardness of 2.5 on the Mohs scale.[1] If a candidate rock cannot be scratched with a knife blade (hardness of 5.5),
it is not soapstone. Soapstone is often used as an insulator for housing and electrical components, due to its durability and electrical characteristics and because it can be pressed into complex shapes before firing. Soapstone undergoes transformations when
heated to temperatures of 1000–1200 °C into enstatite and cristobalite; in the Mohs scale, this corresponds to an increase in hardness to 5.5–6.5.[2] Uses[edit] Historical uses[edit] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Idi-ilum_Louvre_AO_19486_n01.jpg/170px-Idi-ilum_Louvre_AO_19486_n01.jpg
The 21st-century BCEstatue of Iddi-Ilum of Mari is made of soapstone Soapstone is used for inlaid designs, sculpture, coasters, and kitchen countertops and sinks. The Inuit often use soapstone for traditional carvings. Some Native American tribes and bands
make bowls, cooking slabs, and other objects from soapstone; historically, this was particularly common during the Late Archaic archaeological period.[3] Locally quarried soapstone was used for gravemarkers in 19th century northeast Georgia, US, around Dahlonega,
and Cleveland, as simple field stone and "slot and tab" tombs. Vikings hewed soapstone directly from the stone face, shaped it into cooking-pots, and sold these at home and abroad.[4] Soapstone is sometimes used for construction of fireplace surrounds, cladding
on metal woodstoves, and as the preferred material for woodburning masonry heaters because it can absorb, store and evenly radiate heat due to its high density and magnesite (MgCO3) content. It is also used for counter tops and bathroom tiling because of the
ease of working the material and its property as the "quiet stone." A weathered or aged appearance will occur naturally over time as the patina is enhanced. Applying mineral oil simply darkens the appearance of the stone; it does not protect it in any way.[citation
needed] Tepe Yahya, an ancient trading city in southeastern Iran, was a center for the production and distribution of soapstone in the 5th–3rd millennia BC.[5] It was also used in MinoanCrete. At the Palace of Knossos, archaeological recovery has included
a magnificentlibation table made of steatite.[6] The Yoruba of West Nigeria utilized soapstone for several statues most notably at Esie where archaeologists have uncovered hundreds of male and female statues, about half of life size. The Yoruba of Ife also
produced a miniature soapstone obelisk with metal studs called superstitiously "the staff of Oranmiyan" https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Redentor.jpg/220px-Redentor.jpg The outer layers of the Christ the Redeemer sculpture in Rio de
Janeiroare made of soapstone. Modern uses[edit] Soapstone has been used in India for centuries as a medium for carving. Mining to meet world-wide demand for soapstone is threatening the habitat of India's tigers.[7] In Brazil, especially in Minas Gerais, due
to the abundance of soapstone mines in that Brazilian state, local artisans still craft objects from that material, including pots and pans, wine glasses, statues, jewel boxes, coasters, vases. These handicrafts are commonly sold in street markets found in
cities across the state. Some of the oldest towns, notably Congonhas, Tiradentes and Ouro Preto, still have some of their streets paved with soapstone from colonial times. Some Native Americans use soapstone for smoking pipes; numerous examples have been found
among artifacts of different cultures and are still in use today. Its low heat conduction allows for prolonged smoking without the pipe's heating up uncomfortably.[8] Some premium wood fired heating stoves are made of soapstone to take advantage of its useful
thermal and fire resistant properties. Soapstone is also used to carve Chinese seals. Currently, soapstone is most commonly used for architectural applications, such as counter tops and interior surfacing. There is currently only one active North American
soapstone mine. That mine is found in Central Virginia and is operated by the Alberene Soapstone Company. All other architectural soapstone is mined in Brazil, India and Finland and imported into the United States.[9] Welders and fabricators use soapstone
as a marker due to its resistance to heat; it remains visible when heat is applied. It has also been used for many years by seamstresses, carpenters, and other craftsmen as a marking tool because its marks are visible and not permanent. Soapstone can be used
to create molds for casting objects from soft metals, such as pewter or silver. The soft stone is easily carved and is not degraded by heating. The slick surface of soapstone allows the finished object to be easily removed. Soapstones can be put in a freezer
and later used in place of ice cubes to chill alcoholic beverages without diluting. Sometimes called 'whiskey stones', these were first introduced around 2007. Most whiskey stones feature a semi-polished finish, retaining the soft look of natural soapstone,
while others are highly polished. Steatite ceramics are low-cost biaxial porcelains of nominal composition (MgO)3(SiO2)4.[10] Steatite is used primarily for itsdielectric and thermal insulating properties in applications such as tile, substrates, washers,
bushings, beads and pigments.[11] Safety[edit] People can be exposed to soapstone in the workplace by breathing it in, skin contact, or eye contact. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (Permissible exposure limit)
for soapstone exposure in the workplace as 20 mppcf over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 6 mg/m3 total exposure and 3 mg/m3 respiratory exposure over an 8-hour
workday. At levels of 3000 mg/m3, soapstone is immediately dangerous to life and health.[12] Other names[edit] · Combarbalite stone, exclusively mined in Combarbalá, Chile, is known for its many colors. While they are not visible during mining, they appear
after refining. · Palewa and gorara stones are types of Indian soapstone. · A variety of other regional and marketing names for soapstone are used.[13] Gallery[edit] · https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Byzantine_-_St_George_and_the_Dragon_-_Walters_41205.jpg/105px-Byzantine_-_St_George_and_the_Dragon_-_Walters_41205.jpg
12th century Byzantine relief of Saint George and the Dragon · https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fa/Belur2_retouched.jpg/120px-Belur2_retouched.jpg Soapstone sculpture on the Hoysala temple atBelur, India[14] · https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Slot_and_tab.jpg/120px-Slot_and_tab.jpg
Soapstone slot & tab tomb in Dahlonega, Georgia, US. · https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scarab550bc.jpg/77px-Scarab550bc.jpg An Egyptian carved and glazed steatite scarabamulet. · https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Canaanite_-_Scarab_with_%22Udjat%22_Eyes_-_Walters_4239_-_Bottom.jpg/90px-Canaanite_-_Scarab_with_%22Udjat%22_Eyes_-_Walters_4239_-_Bottom.jpg
Steatite scarab. The Walters Art Museum. See also[edit] · List of minerals · List of rocks · Serpentinite · Talc carbonate · Archeological Site 38CK1, Archeological Site 38CK44, and Archeological Site 38CK45 References[edit] 1. Jump up^ “About the Hardness
of Soapstone” by Soapstone.com 2. Jump up^ "Some Important Aspects of the Harappan Technological Tradition," Bhan KK, Vidale M and Kenoyer JM, in Indian Archaeology in Retrospect/edited by S. Settar and Ravi Korisettar, Manohar Press, New Delhi, 2002. 3. Jump
up^ Kenneth E. Sassaman (1993-03-30). Early Pottery in the Southeast: Tradition and Innovation in Cooking Technology. University Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-0670-0. 4. Jump up^ Else Rosendahl, The Vikings, The Penguin Press, 1987, page 105 5. Jump up^ "Tepe
Yahya," Encyclopædia Britannica, 2004. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 3 January 2004, Britannica.com 6. Jump up^ C.Michael Hogan (2007) "Knossos Fieldnotes", The Modern Antiquarian 7. Jump up^ Barnett, Antony (2003-06-22). "West's love of talc threatens
India's tigers". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2007-01-09. 8. Jump up^ Witthoft, J.G., 1949, "Stone Pipes of the Historic Cherokees", Southern Indian Studies 1(2):43–62. 9. Jump up^ "Soapstone gives countertops, tiles a look that's both new and old". The
Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-01-11. 10. Jump up^ Royalty Minerals Ltd., Mumbai, India. 11. Jump up^ Superior Technical Ceramics Corp., St. Albans, Vermont, USA. 12. Jump up^ "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Soapstone (containing less than
1% quartz)".www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-21. 13. Jump up^ GemRocks: Soapstone 14. Jump up^ Hoysala.in