نشانه شناسی

نشانه‌شناسی (در انگلیسی semiology، همچنین Semiotics و یا Semeiotics از ریشهٔ فارسی «سیمیا» یا «سیما» در فارسیامروزی و نیز در نظری دیگر از واژهٔ یونانی σημείον (سِمِئیون) به معنی نشانه) مطالعه نشانه‌ها و نمادها است.

این رشته با سخنرانی‌های زبانشناس سوئیسی فردینان دو سوسور در دانشگاه ژنو آغاز گشت. تنها پس از مرگ او بود که به کوشش همکارانش اندیشه‌های او در کتابی با نام دروس زبانشناسی عمومی (۱) درسال ۱۹۱۶ به چاپ رسید. او با رد انگاره ی سنتی که رابطهٔ میان واژه و شئ را یک رابطه حقیقی می‌دانست (به رساله کراتیلوس افلاطون رجوع کنید) برای نخستین بار به دلخواه بودن آن اشاره کرد. او هر پیوند ذاتی میان واژه و شئ و همچنین واژه و مفهوم را نادرست خواند و این پیوند را زادهٔ یک همگرایی و همرایی اجتماعی دانست.

او در "درس زبانشناسی عمومی" در توضیح نشانه‌شناسی می‌گوید: می‌توان علمی را تصور کرد که به مطالعه زندگی نشانه‌ها در یک جامعه بپردازد. این علم بخشی از روان‌شناسی اجتماعی و در نتیجه روان‌شناسی عمومی خواهد بود. نشانه‌شناسی معلوم می‌کند که نشانه‌ها از چه تشکیل شده اند و چه قوانینی بر آن‌ها حکم فرماست.

او جستار خود را اینگونه می‌آغازد: در همهٔ دانش‌ها شئ مقدم‌ترین بخش یک پژوهش است در حالیکه در زبانشناسی هنگامی که به سراغ واژه می‌رویم متوجه می‌شویم که برای بررسی آن واژه نخست نیاز به شناختن دیدگاهمان داریم آیا ما واژه را از دید معنایی بررسی می‌کنیم یا ریشه یابی یا تاریخی یا جزاینها. پس استواری‌ای که دانش باید به دنبال بیاورد در گام نخست به خطر می‌افتد. پس سوسور به دنبال ساختاری استوار به ساختار زبان می‌رسد آنچه بنیاد نشانه‌شناسی را خواهد ساخت.

پیشینه

برای نخستین بار جان لاک اصطلاح «نشانه‌شناخت» (۲) را در سال ۱۶۹۰ در نوشتار خود با نام "رساله‌ای در زمینه قدرت درک انسان" (۳) به کار برد. در دیدگاه لاک دانایی به سه دسته زیر تقسیم می‌شود:

فیزیک: "دانش شئ ها، آنگونه که هستند، با ساختار و ویژگیها و کارکرد آنها..."
ورزیدن: " توانایی بکارگیری درست نیروها و کارآمدی‌های خود..."
نشانه‌شناخت: "انگارهٔ نشانه ها؛ که بیشتر واژه‌ها هستند، و نام درخور آن منطق است: روندی که در آن طبیعت نشانه‌ها یی که مغز آدمی در جریان فهم چیزها یا رسانیدن آگاهی به دیگران به کار می‌برد، سنجیده می‌شود."
چارلز سندرز پرس پدر فلسفهٔ عملی و منطق‌دان برجسته آمریکایی، که از اندیشه‌های جان لاک بسیار اثر پذیرفته است، نشانه‌شناسی را شاخه‌ای از منطق می‌داند که در آن دانش نشانه‌ها بررسی می‌شود. از دید او نشانه‌شناسی روندی است که در آن ارتباطی به‌وسیلهٔ نشانه‌ها بر قرار می‌شود. او نشانه را هر چیزی می‌داند که برای کسی (گزارشگر) به گونه‌ای (در زمینه‌ای) چیز دیگری (موضوع) را به یاد آورد. به بیان ساده پرس پیوند میان ذهن آدمی و جهان خارج، یا فرایند دانستن را از سه راه می‌داند، یکم شمایلی، دوم نمایهای، و سوم نمادین.

فردیناند سوسور هم‌زمان با پرس در آمریکا، روش نشانه‌شناسی خود را در کشور سوئیس مطرح می‌کند. او اندیشه‌ای را پایه نهاد که در آن نشانه از دوگانهٔ نشانگر و نشانداده ساخته می‌شود.(دوگانه‌ای که در آینده مورد نقد پساساختارگرایان و ساختارشکنانی چون دریدا قرار گرفت.)

چارلز و. موریس بازشناختی از "شالوده‌های انگارهٔ نشانه ها" (۱۹۳۸) بدست آورد. او نشانه‌شناسی را به سه جنبهٔ نحوی، معنایی و عملی بخش می‌کند.

اومبرتو اکو (-۱۹۳۲) متفکر ایتالیایی که با کتاب "انگارهٔ نشانه‌شناسی" خوانندگان بسیاری را با این دانش آشنا ساخت. او به روش پرس گرایش داشت. یکی از رمان‌هایش به نام نام گل سرخ کنایه گونه‌ای پرمعنی در بارهٔ نشانه‌شناسی است.

آلگرداس گریماس روشی ساختارمند از نشانه‌شناسی را گسترش داد به نام نشانه‌شناسی زایا(مولد).او کوشید تا تمرکز را از نشانه به معنا بگرداند.

جی فارستر بر روی روشی کار می‌کرد که، برای بررسی سامانه‌های پیچیده‌ای که در ریشه یابی ناهنجاری‌های ذهنی فرد که او را در برقراری ارتباط در گروه با سختی روبرو می‌کرد، کاربرد داشت. برای نمونه او در نوشتهٔ خود به نام "رفتار ضد-شهودی نظام‌های اجتماعی" (۴) اشتباه‌هایی که در برقراری ارتباط در دسته‌های انسانی پدید می‌آیند را گزارش می‌دهد.

توماس آ. سبیوک (-۱۹۲۰) نشانه‌شناس پرکار و برجستهٔ آمریکایی است. او قلمرو نشانه‌شناسی را به نشانه‌ها و سامانه‌های نابشری نیز گستراند. برخی مطلب‌ها را پایه نهاد که امروزه به نام "فلسفه ذهن" شناخته می‌شوند و اصطلاح نشانه‌شناسی جانوری را آفرید. نشانه‌شناسی جانوری به بررسی ارتباطات و علائم ارتباطی میان جانوران می‌پردازد.

از دانشهایی که با نشانه‌شناسی در ارتباط هستند زبانشناسی، فلسفه، جامعه شناسی، روانشناسی و زیبایی‌شناسی را می‌توان نام برد.

پانویس

۱. Course in General Linguistics
۲. semeiotike
۳. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
۴. Counterintuitive Behavior of Social Systems
۵. zoosemiotics
از ویکی پدیا
قس عربی
علم العلامات أو السمیولوجیا (بالفرنسیة: Sémiologie) مشتقــّـة من المصطلح الإغریقی σημεΐον ومعناه الإشارة أو العلامة أو الآیة، وهو علم یعنى بدراسة السلوک الإنسانی کأنماط ذات نتاج ثقافی منتج للمعانی. وزعموا قدیماً أن السیمیاء هو نوع من العقاقیر یتوصل به إلى قلب الأشیاء عن حقیقتها، وقد صنفها البعض کمذهب من المذاهب الفکریة،وأعتبره البعض الأخر علم طلاسم یستخدمه بعض المتصوفة لکشف الحس وظهور الخوارق وهذا ما بیّنه ابن خلدون فی مقدمته تحت عنوان «علم أسرار الحروف» وهو ما یسمى بالسیمیاء. وراح البعض إلى أنه علم من علوم اللسانیات لمعرفة دقیقة للمعانی والمتعلقة بالدال والمدلول من الالفاظ ولکن حدیثاً عرف هذا العلم بدراسة أنظمة العلامات التی أبتکرها الإنسان کنتاج له معانی ودلالات لها علاقة بسلوکه الإنسانی. تبدو الروابط بین علم العلامات (السیمیوطیقا) و علم التأویل (الهرمنیوطیقا) عمیقة و ضاربة الجذور ، حیث قال امبرتو ایکو: «إن شیئاً ما لا یعتبر علامة إلا لأنه یؤول بوصفه علامة من قِبَل مؤوِّلٍ ما»
[عدل]انظر أیضاً

سمیوطیقا
هذه بذرة مقالة عن اللغویات تحتاج للنمو والتحسین، فساهم فی إثرائها بالمشارکة فی تحریرها.
تصنیفات: لغویاتعلم الإنسان اللغویتواصلفلسفة اللغة
قس آلمانی
Semiologie (von griech. σημεΐον „Zeichen“, auch Semeologie oder Sematologie, engl. semiology, frz. sémiologie)[1], ist ein mehrdeutiger Ausdruck.
Semiologie ist zum einen eine Bezeichnung für die allgemeine Zeichentheorie.
Der Ausdruck ist dann Synonym von "Semiotik", der in den 1970er Jahren den Ausdruck Semiologie weitgehend verdrängt hat.
Semiologie bezeichnet in einem engeren Sinn zum anderen eine strukturalistisch orientierte allgemeine Zeichentheorie.
In diesem Sinn wurde der Ausdruck von Ferdinand de Saussure geprägt und von der Genfer Schule, der Glossematik, von Vertretern des französischen Strukturalismus und insbesondere von Roland Barthes übernommen.
Für Saussure war die Semiologie eine „Wissenschaft, welche das Leben der Zeichen im Rahmen des sozialen Lebens untersucht“[2]. Damit ordnete Saussure die allgemeine Zeichenlehre der (Sozial-)Psychologie unter [3] und die Sprachwissenschaft der allgemeinen Zeichentheorie.
Für Roland Barthes soll die Semiologie "die Wissenschaft aller Zeichensysteme sein". [4].
Schon bei Saussure findet sich die für die strukturalistische Semiotik charakteristische "Zweideutigkeit"[5], dass einerseits die Linguistik nur ein Teil der Semiotik, andererseits das Sprachsystem grundlegendes Modell für alle anderen Zeichensysteme sein soll[6].
In Konsequenz der zweiten Annahme sollen die linguistischen Verfahren und Methoden analog auf alle anderen kulturellen Zeichensysteme (Reklame, Mode etc.) angewandt werden[7].
Siehe auch [Bearbeiten]

Semiotik
Roland Barthes
Medizin, siehe Medizinische Semiologie
Musikwissenschaft, siehe Gregorianische Semiologie
Einzelnachweise und Fußnoten [Bearbeiten]

↑ Synonyme nach Rehbock, Helmut: Semiologie. In: Glück, Helmut (Hg.): Metzler Lexikon Sprache. 4. Auflage. Metzler: Stuttgart, Weimar 2010
↑ Rehbock, Helmut: Semiologie. In: Glück, Helmut (Hg.): Metzler Lexikon Sprache. 4. Auflage. Metzler: Stuttgart, Weimar 2010
↑ Bußmann, Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft, 3. Aufl. (2002), ISBN 3-520-45203-0/Semiologie
↑ Barthes, Roland: Elemente der Semiologie. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a.M., 1983, S. 11
↑ Hügli, Anton; Poul Lübcke (Hrsg.): Philosophielexikon. - 5. Auflage. - Rowohlt, Reinbek 2003: Semiologie.
↑ Hügli, Anton; Poul Lübcke (Hrsg.): Philosophielexikon. - 5. Auflage. - Rowohlt, Reinbek 2003: Semiologie.
↑ So - den strukturalistischen Anspruch darstellend - Trabant, Semiotik (1996), S. 16 f.; vgl. auch Kjørup, Søren: Semiotik. W. Fink, Paderborn 2009, S. 75
Kategorie: Semiotik
قس فرانسه
Le terme sémiologie a été créé par Émile Littré et pour lui, il se rapportait à la médecine1. Il a ensuite été repris et élargi par Ferdinand de Saussure, pour qui la sémiologie est « la science qui étudie la vie des signes au sein de la vie sociale »2. Le terme sémiotique, inventé par Charles Sanders Peirce quelques années auparavant, recouvre la même idée et est utilisé le plus fréquemment en dehors de France.
Toute science étudiant des signes est une sémiologie. Le terme est donc utilisé dans plusieurs disciplines.
Sommaire [masquer]
1 Sémiologie en linguistique
2 Deux écoles en sémiologie
3 Sémiologie médicale
4 Sémiologie en géographie
5 Sémiologie visuelle
6 Sémiologie de la photographie
7 Sémiologie du cinéma
8 Sémiologie de la musique
9 Voir aussi
9.1 Articles connexes
10 Notes, références
Sémiologie en linguistique[modifier]

La sémiologie (du grec σημεῖον (« séméion »), le signe, et λόγος (« logos »), "discours", "raison", "étude") apparaît être une discipline récente. En linguistique, la théorie générale des signes n'est pas nouvelle puisqu'on la rencontre chez des auteurs comme Court de Gébelin ou Joseph-Marie de Gérando.
Tombée presque un siècle dans l'oubli, la publication du Cours de linguistique générale de Ferdinand de Saussure propose d'en renouveler la définition, ou plutôt d'en circonscrire le champ d’étude : « On peut donc concevoir une science qui étudie la vie des signes au sein de la vie sociale ; elle formerait une partie de la psychologie sociale, et par conséquent de la psychologie générale ; nous la nommerons sémiologie. Elle nous apprendrait en quoi consistent les signes, quelles lois les régissent. Puisqu’elle n’existe pas encore, on ne peut dire ce qu’elle sera ; mais elle a droit à l’existence, sa place est déterminée d’avance. La linguistique n’est qu’une partie de cette science générale… » (de Saussure, 1972 [1916], p. 33).
On assiste alors à un regain d'intérêt pour l'étude des signes, et la sémiologie devient une nouvelle discipline dans les Sciences sociales avec des auteurs comme Greimas, Barthes, Jean Baudrillard, Mounin ou Umberto Eco.
Cette définition sera progressivement étendue à d'autres champs que la philologie pour devenir une science générale de la communication. Ainsi, Buyssens s’est proposé de définir la sémiologie comme « la science qui étudie les procédés auxquels nous recourons en vue de communiquer nos états de conscience et ceux par lesquels nous interprétons la communication qui nous est faite » (Buyssens, 1943, p. 5). Cette définition, très empreinte d'individualisme méthodologique, sera vite dépassée par la conception de Greimas qui envisage la sémiologie dans toute sa dimension culturelle et comme un fait social total.
Aujourd'hui, le second sémiotique prédomine. Il fallait donc que le premier se cantonne dans un sens plus spécialisé ; ce fut celui de la description spécifique de systèmes de signes particuliers. Pour Hjelmslev, la sémiologie est une sémiotique dont le plan du contenu est lui-même une sémiotique. Cette distinction est d'une certaine manière reflétée ici. D'une démarche plus consciente, nous avons voulu, dans l'expression « système sémiologique » par exemple, introduire entre sémiotique et sémiologique la même nuance que celle qui existe entre phonétique et phonologique : une nuance entre la science de la substance et celle de la forme.
Deux écoles en sémiologie[modifier]

Sémiologie de la Communication et Sémiologie de la signification.
La sémiologie de la Communication étudie uniquement le monde des signes, par exemple l'étude des systèmes de vêtements de deuil ou de la canne blanche de l'aveugle (système à un seul signe ou signe isolé). Représentants éminents : Georges Mounin, Éric Buyssens, Louis Prieto. La sémiologie de la Communication a étudié : le code de la route, les signaux ferroviaires maritimes et aériens, le morse, les sonneries militaires, les insignes, les langages machine, la notation musicale, le langage de la chimie, des ordinateurs, les langues parlées, sifflées, le tam-tam... Ces objets d'études sont des systèmes de signes conventionnels et précis.
La sémiologie de la Signification n'a pas d'a priori, elle étudie signes et indices, sans se préoccuper de la distinction. Roland Barthes est l'initiateur de ce courant. Elle s'intéresse à tout objet en tant que signifiant en puissance ; d'où ses objets d'études ne se limitent pas à des systèmes de communication intentionnels. Elle peut donc interpréter des phénomènes de société et la valeur symbolique de certains faits sociaux. Le sport, par exemple, en tant que combat moral, ou encore les publicités commerciales. La sémiologie de la signification se rapporte donc à l'univers de l'interprétation et du sens, et non du code et de la communication.
Sémiologie médicale[modifier]

Article détaillé : sémiologie médicale.
C'est pour la médecine que ce terme a été inventé par Emile Littré. La sémiologie médicale est la partie de la médecine qui étudie les symptômes et signes et la façon de les relever et de les présenter afin de poser un diagnostic.
Sémiologie en géographie[modifier]

On parle également de sémiologie en géographie. Elle y est utilisée comme outil d’interprétation ou de traduction. En particulier, la géographie s’intéresse non seulement à la sémiologie générale, mais aussi à la sémiologie graphique : par exemple, l’étude de la pertinence des représentations de l’espace (notamment cartographiques) et des groupes sociaux qui les peuplent (représentations paysagères, processus de construction de l’identité, etc.) utilise le cadre conceptuel de la sémiologie graphique.
Sémiologie visuelle[modifier]

La sémiologie visuelle ou sémiotique visuelle a été particulièrement développée dans les travaux du Groupe µ, et spécialement dans l'ouvrage fondamental qu'est Traité du signe visuel (1992). Cet ouvrage part des fondements physiologiques de la vision, pour observer comment le sens investit peu à peu les objets visuels. Il distingue d'une part les signes iconiques (ou icônes), qui renvoient aux objets du monde, et les signes plastiques, qui produisent des significations dans ses trois types de manifestation que sont la couleur, la texture et la forme. Il montre comment le langage visuel organise ses unités en une véritable grammaire. Une telle grammaire permet de voir comment fonctionne une rhétorique visuelle, au sein d'une rhétorique générale.
Sémiologie de la photographie[modifier]

Pol Corvez (sémiologue à l'université d'Angers) travaille sur la sémiologie de la photographie. Au lieu de se fonder sur les référents, comme le font les typologies traditionnelles, il se fonde sur le repérage et l'analyse des signifiants propres à la photographie et aux arts graphiques et propose une typologie des œuvres photographiques. Il appelle cette nouvelle discipline la « photologie ». Cette typologie comprend quatre classes : le Clinique, le Mythique, le Déixique et le Morphique. Sa thèse La photologie : pour une sémiologie de la photographie, est consultable dans les bibliothèques universitaires.
Sémiologie du cinéma[modifier]

La sémiologie du cinéma a notamment été développée par Christian Metz.
Sémiologie de la musique[modifier]

Article détaillé : sémiologie de la musique.
Dans les années 1970 Jean-Jacques Nattiez et Jean Molino publient les textes de base de la sémiologie de la musique « Fondements d´une sémiologie de la musique » et « Fait musical et sémiologie de la musique ».
La sémiologie de Molino et Nattiez se base sur deux triades :
la notion de tripartition des formes symboliques et
la conception triadique du signe développée par Charles Sanders Peirce.
La tripartition de Molino et Nattiez soutient que toute œuvre musicale peut être abordée de trois points de vue :
le niveau poïétique (point de vue de la production),
le niveau esthétique (point de vue de celui qui reçoit le message musical) et
le niveau immanent de l´œuvre (niveau neutre, l´ensemble des configurations du texte musical).
L´originalité de la tripartition de Molino et Nattiez est l´affirmation de la non-convergence de ces trois niveaux.
Voir aussi[modifier]

Articles connexes[modifier]
Sémiotique
Sémiologie graphique
Sémiologie de la musique
Sémiologie de l'espace
Bibliographie en sémiologie de l'art
Bibliographie de logique et de philosophie du langage
Signe | Symbole
Langage
Information
Techniques d'écriture
Photographie
Image
Notes, références[modifier]

↑ Terme de médecine. Partie de la médecine qui traite des signes des maladies. in Dictionnaire de Médecine, 1855
↑ Cours de linguistique générale, p. 33
Portail de la linguistique
[masquer]
v · d · m
Disciplines de l’étude de l’art
Esthétique • Théorie de l'art • Histoire de l'art • Histoire culturelle • Cultural Studies • Anthropologie de l'art • Sociologie de l'art • Communication • Sémiologie de l'art • Psychologie de l'art • Herméneutique • Critique d'art • Propriété littéraire et artistique • Économie de la culture
Catégorie : Sémiologie
قس ترکی
Semiyotik veya göstergebilim; simge, sembol ve İşaretlerin yorumlanmasını, üretilmesini veya işaretleri anlama süreçlerini içeren bütün faktörlerin sistematik bir şekilde incelenmesine dayanan bir bilim dalıdır. Semiyotik disiplinlerarası bir sahadır. Değişik işaret sistemlerine dayanan anlam ve bildirişim konularını inceler. Fransızlar semiyoloji terimini kullanmışlardır. Semiyotik eski Yunancada işaret anlamına gelen semeîon kelimesinden gelir. Modern semiyotik başlıca iki kaynağa dayanır. Bunlardan birincisi Ferdinand de Saussure’ün 1916’da yayımlanan Genel Dilbilim Dersler'i, ikincisi ise Charles Sanders Peirce’ün yazılarıdır. Kültürel kodlar, gelenekler ve metni anlam süreçlerine göre düzenlenmiş işaret sistemleri diye nitelenen her şey semiyotiğin inceleme alanına girmektedir. Semiyotik bugünkü anlamda ilk defa John Locke tarafından "Essays Concerning Human Understanding", (1690) başlıklı eserde kullanılmıştır. Semioloji, yapısalcılığın modeli olarak düşünülmektedir.
Roland Barthes, Charles Sanders Peirce gibi isimler bu konuda yetkin yazarlar olarak anılabilinirler.
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Semiotics, also called semiotic studies or (in the Saussurean tradition) semiology, is the study of signs and sign processes (semiosis), indication, designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication. Semiotics is closely related to the field of linguistics, which, for its part, studies the structure and meaning of language more specifically. Semiotics is often divided into three branches:
Semantics: Relation between signs and the things to which they refer; their denotata, or meaning
Syntactics: Relations among signs in formal structures
Pragmatics: Relation between signs and the effects they have on the people who use them
Semiotics is frequently seen as having important anthropological dimensions; for example, Umberto Eco proposes that every cultural phenomenon can be studied as communication.[1] However, some semioticians focus on the logical dimensions of the science. They examine areas belonging also to the natural sciences – such as how organisms make predictions about, and adapt to, their semiotic niche in the world (see semiosis). In general, semiotic theories take signs or sign systems as their object of study: the communication of information in living organisms is covered in biosemiotics or zoosemiosis.
Syntactics is the branch of semiotics that deals with the formal properties of signs and symbols.[2] More precisely, syntactics deals with the "rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences."[3] Charles Morris adds that semantics deals with the relation of signs to their designata and the objects which they may or do denote; and, pragmatics deals with the biotic aspects of semiosis, that is, with all the psychological, biological, and sociological phenomena which occur in the functioning of signs.
Contents [hide]
1 Terminology
2 Formulations
3 History
4 Some important semioticians
5 Current applications
6 Branches
7 Pictorial semiotics
8 Semiotics of food
9 Semiotics and globalization
10 Main institutions
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
[edit]Terminology

The term, which was spelled semeiotics, derives from the Greek σημειωτικός, (sēmeiōtikos), "observant of signs"[4] (from σημεῖον - sēmeion, "a sign, a mark"[5]) and it was first used in English by Henry Stubbes[6] in a very precise sense to denote the branch of medical science relating to the interpretation of signs. John Locke used the terms semeiotike and semeiotics in Book 4, Chapter 21 of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690). Here he explains how science can be divided into three parts:
All that can fall within the compass of human understanding, being either, first, the nature of things, as they are in themselves, their relations, and their manner of operation: or, secondly, that which man himself ought to do, as a rational and voluntary agent, for the attainment of any end, especially happiness: or, thirdly, the ways and means whereby the knowledge of both the one and the other of these is attained and communicated; I think science may be divided properly into these three sorts.
—Locke, 1823/1963, p. 174
Locke then elaborates on the nature of this third category, naming it Σημειωτικη (Semeiotike) and explaining it as "the doctrine of signs" in the following terms:
Nor is there any thing to be relied upon in Physick,[7] but an exact knowledge of medicinal physiology (founded on observation, not principles), semiotics, method of curing, and tried (not excogitated,[8] not commanding) medicines.
—Locke, 1823/1963, 4.21.4, p. 175
In the nineteenth century, Charles Sanders Peirce defined what he termed "semiotic" (which he sometimes spelled as "semeiotic") as the "quasi-necessary, or formal doctrine of signs", which abstracts "what must be the characters of all signs used by...an intelligence capable of learning by experience",[9] and which is philosophical logic pursued in terms of signs and sign processes.[10] Charles Morris followed Peirce in using the term "semiotic" and in extending the discipline beyond human communication to animal learning and use of signals.
Ferdinand de Saussure, however, founded his semiotics, which he called semiology, in the social sciences:
It is... possible to conceive of a science which studies the role of signs as part of social life. It would form part of social psychology, and hence of general psychology. We shall call it semiology (from the Greek semeîon, 'sign'). It would investigate the nature of signs and the laws governing them. Since it does not yet exist, one cannot say for certain that it will exist. But it has a right to exist, a place ready for it in advance. Linguistics is only one branch of this general science. The laws which semiology will discover will be laws applicable in linguistics, and linguistics will thus be assigned to a clearly defined place in the field of human knowledge.
—Cited in Chandler's "Semiotics For Beginners", Introduction.
[edit]Formulations



Color-coding hot- and cold-water faucets is common in many cultures but, as this example shows, the coding may be rendered meaningless because of context. The two faucets were probably sold as a coded set, but the code is unusable (and ignored) as there is a single water supply.
Semioticians classify signs or sign systems in relation to the way they are transmitted (see modality). This process of carrying meaning depends on the use of codes that may be the individual sounds or letters that humans use to form words, the body movements they make to show attitude or emotion, or even something as general as the clothes they wear. To coin a word to refer to a thing (see lexical words), the community must agree on a simple meaning (a denotative meaning) within their language. But that word can transmit that meaning only within the language's grammatical structures and codes (see syntax and semantics). Codes also represent the values of the culture, and are able to add new shades of connotation to every aspect of life.
To explain the relationship between semiotics and communication studies, communication is defined as the process of transferring data from a source to a receiver. Hence, communication theorists construct models based on codes, media, and contexts to explain the biology, psychology, and mechanics involved. Both disciplines also recognize that the technical process cannot be separated from the fact that the receiver must decode the data, i.e., be able to distinguish the data as salient and make meaning out of it. This implies that there is a necessary overlap between semiotics and communication. Indeed, many of the concepts are shared, although in each field the emphasis is different. In Messages and Meanings: An Introduction to Semiotics, Marcel Danesi (1994) suggested that semioticians' priorities were to study signification first and communication second. A more extreme view is offered by Jean-Jacques Nattiez (1987; trans. 1990: 16), who, as a musicologist, considered the theoretical study of communication irrelevant to his application of semiotics.
Semiotics differs from linguistics in that it generalizes the definition of a sign to encompass signs in any medium or sensory modality. Thus it broadens the range of sign systems and sign relations, and extends the definition of language in what amounts to its widest analogical or metaphorical sense. Peirce's definition of the term "semiotic" as the study of necessary features of signs also has the effect of distinguishing the discipline from linguistics as the study of contingent features that the world's languages happen to have acquired in the course of human evolution.
Perhaps more difficult is the distinction between semiotics and the philosophy of language. In a sense, the difference lies between separate traditions rather than subjects. Different authors have called themselves "philosopher of language" or "semiotician". This difference does not match the separation between analytic and continental philosophy. On a closer look, there may be found some differences regarding subjects. Philosophy of language pays more attention to natural languages or to languages in general, while semiotics is deeply concerned about non-linguistic signification. Philosophy of language also bears a stronger connection to linguistics, while semiotics is closer to some of the humanities (including literary theory) and to cultural anthropology.
Semiosis or semeiosis is the process that forms meaning from any organism's apprehension of the world through signs. Scholars who have talked about semiosis in their sub-theories of semiotics include C. S. Peirce, John Deely, and Umberto Eco.
[edit]History

The importance of signs and signification has been recognized throughout much of the history of philosophy, and in psychology as well. Plato and Aristotle both explored the relationship between signs and the world, and Augustine considered the nature of the sign within a conventional system. These theories have had a lasting effect in Western philosophy, especially through Scholastic philosophy. More recently, Umberto Eco, in his Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language, has argued that semiotic theories are implicit in the work of most, perhaps all, major thinkers.
Early theorists in this area include Charles W. Morris.[11] Max Black attributes the work of Bertrand Russell as being seminal.[12]
[edit]Some important semioticians

Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914), a noted logician who founded philosophical pragmatism, defined semiosis as an irreducibly triadic process wherein something, as an object, logically determines or influences something as a sign to determine or influence something as an interpretation or interpretant, itself a sign, thus leading to further interpretants.[13] Semiosis is logically structured to perpetuate itself. The object can be quality, fact, rule, or even fictional (Hamlet), and can be (1) immediate to the sign, the object as represented in the sign, or (2) dynamic, the object as it really is, on which the immediate object is founded. The interpretant can be (1) immediate to the sign, all that the sign immediately expresses, such as a word's usual meaning; or (2) dynamic, such as a state of agitation; or (3) final or normal, the ultimate ramifications of the sign about its object, to which inquiry taken far enough would be destined and with which any actual interpretant can at most coincide.[14] His semiotic[15] covered not only artificial, linguistic, and symbolic signs, but also semblances such as kindred sensible qualities, and indices such as reactions. He came circa 1903[16] to classify any sign by three interdependent trichotomies, intersecting to form ten (rather than 27) classes of sign.[17] Signs also enter into various kinds of meaningful combinations; Peirce covered both semantic and syntactical issues in his speculative grammar. He regarded formal semiotic as logic per se and part of philosophy; as also encompassing study of arguments (hypothetical, deductive, and inductive) and inquiry's methods including pragmatism; and as allied to but distinct from logic's pure mathematics. For a summary of Peirce's contributions to semiotics, see Liszka (1996) or Atkin (2006).
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913), the "father" of modern linguistics, proposed a dualistic notion of signs, relating the signifier as the form of the word or phrase uttered, to the signified as the mental concept. It is important to note that, according to Saussure, the sign is completely arbitrary, i.e. there was no necessary connection between the sign and its meaning. This sets him apart from previous philosophers such as Plato or the Scholastics, who thought that there must be some connection between a signifier and the object it signifies. In his Course in General Linguistics, Saussure himself credits the American linguist William Dwight Whitney (1827–1894) with insisting on the arbitrary nature of the sign. Saussure's insistence on the arbitrariness of the sign has also influenced later philosophers and theorists such as Jacques Derrida, Roland Barthes, and Jean Baudrillard. Ferdinand de Saussure coined the term semiologie while teaching his landmark "Course on General Linguistics" at the University of Geneva from 1906–11. Saussure posited that no word is inherently meaningful. Rather a word is only a "signifier," i.e. the representation of something, and it must be combined in the brain with the "signified," or the thing itself, in order to form a meaning-imbued "sign." Saussure believed that dismantling signs was a real science, for in doing so we come to an empirical understanding of how humans synthesize physical stimuli into words and other abstract concepts.
Jakob von Uexküll (1864–1944) studied the sign processes in animals. He borrowed the German word for 'environment', Umwelt, to describe the individual's subjective world, and he invented the concept of functional circle (Funktionskreis) as a general model of sign processes. In his Theory of Meaning (Bedeutungslehre, 1940), he described the semiotic approach to biology, thus establishing the field that is now called biosemiotics.
Valentin Voloshinov (1895–1936) was a Soviet/Russian linguist, whose work has been influential in the field of literary theory and Marxist theory of ideology. Written in the late 1920s in the USSR, Voloshinov's Marxism and the Philosophy of Language (tr.: Marksizm i Filosofiya Yazyka) developed a counter-Saussurean linguistics, which situated language use in social process rather than in an entirely decontexualized Saussurean langue.
Louis Hjelmslev (1899–1965) developed a formalist approach to Saussure's structuralist theories. His best known work is Prolegomena to a Theory of Language, which was expanded in Résumé of the Theory of Language, a formal development of glossematics, his scientific calculus of language.
Charles W. Morris (1901–1979). In his 1938 Foundations of the Theory of Signs, he defined semiotics as grouping the triad syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Syntax studies the interrelation of the signs, without regard to meaning. Semantics studies the relation between the signs and the objects to which they apply. Pragmatics studies the relation between the sign system and its human (or animal) user. Unlike his mentor George Herbert Mead, Morris was a behaviorist and sympathetic to the Vienna Circle positivism of his colleague Rudolf Carnap. Morris was accused by John Dewey[18] of misreading Peirce.
Thure von Uexküll (1908–2004), the "father" of modern psychosomatic medicine, developed a diagnostic method based on semiotic and biosemiotic analyses.
Roland Barthes (1915–1980) was a French literary theorist and semiotician. He would often critique pieces of cultural material to expose how bourgeois society used them to impose its values upon others. For instance, the portrayal of wine drinking in French society as a robust and healthy habit would be a bourgeois ideal perception contradicted by certain realities (i.e. that wine can be unhealthy and inebriating). He found semiotics useful in conducting these critiques. Barthes explained that these bourgeois cultural myths were second-order signs, or connotations. A picture of a full, dark bottle is a sign, a signifier relating to a signified: a fermented, alcoholic beverage – wine. However, the bourgeois take this signified and apply their own emphasis to it, making ‘wine’ a new signifier, this time relating to a new signified: the idea of healthy, robust, relaxing wine. Motivations for such manipulations vary from a desire to sell products to a simple desire to maintain the status quo. These insights brought Barthes very much in line with similar Marxist theory.


Signaling and communication between the Astatotilapia burtoni
Algirdas Julien Greimas (1917–1992) developed a structural version of semiotics named generative semiotics, trying to shift the focus of discipline from signs to systems of signification. His theories develop the ideas of Saussure, Hjelmslev, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty.
Thomas A. Sebeok (1920–2001), a student of Charles W. Morris, was a prolific and wide-ranging American semiotician. Though he insisted that animals are not capable of language, he expanded the purview of semiotics to include non-human signaling and communication systems, thus raising some of the issues addressed by philosophy of mind and coining the term zoosemiotics. Sebeok insisted that all communication was made possible by the relationship between an organism and the environment it lives in. He also posed the equation between semiosis (the activity of interpreting signs) and life – the view that has further developed by Copenhagen-Tartu biosemiotic school.
Juri Lotman (1922–1993) was the founding member of the Tartu-Estonia (or Tartu-Moscow) Semiotic School. He developed a semiotic approach to the study of culture and established a communication model for the study of text semiotics. He also introduced the concept of the semiosphere. Among his Moscow colleagues were Vladimir Toporov, Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov, and Boris Uspensky.
Umberto Eco (1932–present) made a wider audience aware of semiotics by various publications, most notably A Theory of Semiotics and his novel, The Name of the Rose, which includes applied semiotic operations. His most important contributions to the field bear on interpretation, encyclopedia, and model reader. He has also criticized in several works (A theory of semiotics, La struttura assente, Le signe, La production de signes) the "iconism" or "iconic signs" (taken from Peirce's most famous triadic relation, based on indexes, icons, and symbols), to which he purposes four modes of sign production: recognition, ostension, replica, and invention.
Eliseo Verón (1935–present) developed his "Social Discourse Theory" inspired in the Peircian conception of "Semiosis".
The Mu Group (Groupe µ) (founded 1967) developed a structural version of rhetorics, and the visual semiotics.
[edit]Current applications

Applications of semiotics include:
It represents a methodology for the analysis of texts regardless of modality. For these purposes, "text" is any message preserved in a form whose existence is independent of both sender and receiver;
It can improve ergonomic design in situations where it is important to ensure that human beings can interact more effectively with their environments, whether it be on a large scale, as in architecture, or on a small scale, such as the configuration of instrumentation for human use.
In some countries, its role is limited to literary criticism and an appreciation of audio and visual media, but this narrow focus can inhibit a more general study of the social and political forces shaping how different media are used and their dynamic status within modern culture. Issues of technological determinism in the choice of media and the design of communication strategies assume new importance in this age of mass media. The use of semiotic methods to reveal different levels of meaning and, sometimes, hidden motivations has led some[who?] like Yale's Harold Bloom to demonise elements of the subject as Marxist, nihilist, etc. (e.g. critical discourse analysis in Postmodernism and deconstruction in Post-structuralism).
Publication of research is both in dedicated journals such as Sign Systems Studies, established by Juri Lotman and published by Tartu University Press; Semiotica, founded by Thomas A. Sebeok and published by Mouton de Gruyter; Zeitschrift für Semiotik; European Journal of Semiotics; Versus (founded and directed by Umberto Eco), et al.; The American Journal of Semiotics; and as articles accepted in periodicals of other disciplines, especially journals oriented toward philosophy and cultural criticism. The major semiotic book series "Semiotics, Communication, Cognition", published by De Gruyter Mouton (series editors Paul Cobley and Kalevi Kull) replaces the former "Approaches to Semiotics" (over 120 volumes) and "Approaches to Applied Semiotics" (series editor Thomas A. Sebeok).
[edit]Branches

Semiotics has sprouted a number of subfields, including but not limited to the following:
Biosemiotics is the study of semiotic processes at all levels of biology, or a semiotic study of living systems.
Semiotic anthropology
Cognitive semiotics is the study of meaning-making by employing and integrating methods and theories developed in the cognitive sciences. This involves conceptual and textual analysis as well as experimental investigations. Cognitive semiotics was initially developed at the Center for Semiotics at Aarhus University (Denmark), with an important connection with the Center of Functionally Integrated Neuroscience (CFIN) at Aarhus Hospital. Amongst the prominent cognitive semioticians are Per Aage Brandt, Svend Østergaard, Peer Bundgård, Frederik Stjernfelt, Mikkel Wallentin, Kristian Tylén, Riccardo Fusaroli and Jordan Zlatev.
Computational semiotics attempts to engineer the process of semiosis, say in the study of and design for Human-Computer Interaction or to mimic aspects of human cognition through artificial intelligence and knowledge representation.
Cultural and literary semiotics examines the literary world, the visual media, the mass media, and advertising in the work of writers such as Roland Barthes, Marcel Danesi, and Juri Lotman.
Design Semiotics or Product Semiotics is the study of the use of signs in the design of physical products. Introduced by Rune Monö while teaching Industrial Design at the Institute of Design, Umeå University, Sweden.
Law and Semiotics. One of the more accomplished publications in this field is the International Journal for the Semiotics of Law.
Music semiology "There are strong arguments that music inhabits a semiological realm which, on both ontogenetic and phylogenetic levels, has developmental priority over verbal language." (Middleton 1990, p. 172) See Nattiez (1976, 1987, 1989), Stefani (1973, 1986), Baroni (1983), and Semiotica (66: 1–3 (1987)).
Gregorian chant semiology is a current avenue of palaeographical research in Gregorian chant which is revising the Solesmes school of interpretation.
Organisational semiotics is the study of semiotic processes in organizations. It has strong ties to Computational semiotics and Human-Computer Interaction.
Social semiotics expands the interpretable semiotic landscape to include all cultural codes, such as in slang, fashion, and advertising. See the work of Roland Barthes, Michael Halliday, Bob Hodge, and Christian Metz.
Structuralism and post-structuralism in the work of Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Louis Hjelmslev, Roman Jakobson, Jacques Lacan, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roland Barthes, etc.
Theatre Semiotics extends or adapts semiotics onstage. Key theoricians include Keir Elam.
Urban semiotics.
Visual semiotics – a subdomain of semiotics that analyses visual signs. See also visual rhetoric.[19]
[edit]Pictorial semiotics

Pictorial Semiotics is intimately connected to art history and theory. It has gone beyond them both in at least one fundamental way, however. While art history has limited its visual analysis to a small number of pictures which qualify as "works of art," pictorial semiotics has focused on the properties of pictures more generally. This break from traditional art history and theory—as well as from other major streams of semiotic analysis—leaves open a wide variety of possibilities for pictorial semiotics. Some influences have been drawn from phenomenological analysis, cognitive psychology, and structuralist and cognitivist linguistics, and visual anthropology/sociology.
[edit]Semiotics of food

Food has been one traditional topic of choice in relating semiotic theory because it is extremely accessible and easily relatable to the average individual’s life.[20]
Semiotics is the study of sign processes when conducted individually or in groups and how these sign processes give insight as to how meaning is enabled and also understood.[20]
Food is said to be semiotic because it transforms meaning with preparation. Food that is eaten by a wild animal raw from a carcass is obviously different in meaning when compared to a food that is prepared by humans in a kitchen to represent a cultural dish.[20]
Food can also be said to be symbolic of certain social codes. “If food is treated as a code, the messages it encodes will be found in the pattern of social relations being expressed. The message is about different degrees of hierarchy, inclusion and exclusion, boundaries and transactions across boundaries”.[21]
Food is a semiotic regardless of how it is prepared. Whether food is prepared with precision in a fine dining restaurant, picked from a dumpster, plucked, devoured, or even consumed by a wild animal, meaning can always be extracted from the way a certain food has been prepared and the context in which it is served.
[edit]Semiotics and globalization

Present research found that, as airline industry brandings grow and become more international, their logos become more symbolic and less iconic. The iconicity and symbolism of a sign depends on the cultural convention and are on that ground in relation with each other. If the cultural convention has greater influence on the sign, the signs get more symbolic value.[22]
[edit]Main institutions

A world organisation of semioticians – the International Association for Semiotic Studies, with its journal Semiotica – was established in 1969. The larger research centers together with extensive teaching program include the Semiotics Departments of Tartu University, Aarhus University, and Bologna University.
[edit]See also

Outline of semiotics
Index of semiotics articles
[edit]References

Bibliography
Atkin, Albert. (2006). "Peirce's Theory of Signs", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Barthes, Roland. ([1957] 1987). Mythologies. New York: Hill & Wang.
Barthes, Roland ([1964] 1967). Elements of Semiology. (Translated by Annette Lavers & Colin Smith). London: Jonathan Cape.
Chandler, Daniel. (2001/2007). Semiotics: The Basics. London: Routledge.
Clarke, D. S. (1987). Principles of Semiotic. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Clarke, D. S. (2003). Sign Levels. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Culler, Jonathan (1975). Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Danesi, Marcel & Perron, Paul. (1999). Analyzing Cultures: An Introduction and Handbook. Bloomington: Indiana UP.
Danesi, Marcel. (1994). Messages and Meanings: An Introduction to Semiotics. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press.
Danesi, Marcel. (2002). Understanding Media Semiotics. London: Arnold; New York: Oxford UP.
Danesi, Marcel. (2007). The Quest for Meaning: A Guide to Semiotic Theory and Practice. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Deely, John. (2005 [1990]). Basics of Semiotics. 4th ed. Tartu: Tartu University Press.
Deely, John. (2003). The Impact on Philosophy of Semiotics. South Bend: St. Augustine Press.
Deely, John. (2001). Four Ages of Understanding. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Derrida, Jacques (1981). Positions. (Translated by Alan Bass). London: Athlone Press.
Eagleton, Terry. (1983). Literary Theory: An Introduction. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Eco, Umberto. (1976). A Theory of Semiotics. London: Macmillan.
Eco, Umberto. (1986) Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Eco, Umberto. (2000) Kant and the Platypus. New York, Harcourt Brace & Company.
Eco, Umberto. (1976) A Theory of Semiotics. Indiana, Indiana University Press
Foucault, Michel. (1970). The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. London: Tavistock.
Greimas, Algirdas. (1987). On Meaning: Selected Writings in Semiotic Theory. (Translated by Paul J Perron & Frank H Collins). London: Frances Pinter.
Herlihy, David. 1988–present. "2nd year class of semiotics". CIT.
Hjelmslev, Louis (1961). Prolegomena to a Theory of Language. (Translated by Francis J. Whitfield). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Hodge, Robert & Kress, Gunther. (1988). Social Semiotics. Ithaca: Cornell UP.
Lacan, Jacques. (1977) Écrits: A Selection. (Translated by Alan Sheridan). New York: Norton.
Lidov, David (1999) Elements of Semiotics. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Liszka, J. J., 1996. A General Introduction to the Semeiotic of C.S. Peirce. Indiana University Press.
Locke, John, The Works of John Locke, A New Edition, Corrected, In Ten Volumes, Vol.III, T. Tegg, (London), 1823. (facsimile reprint by Scientia, (Aalen), 1963.)
Lotman, Yuri M. (1990). Universe of the Mind: A Semiotic Theory of Culture. (Translated by Ann Shukman). London: I.B. Tauris.
Morris, Charles W. (1971). Writings on the general theory of signs. The Hague: Mouton.
Menchik, D., and X. Tian. (2008) "Putting Social Context into Text: The Semiotics of Email Interaction." The American Journal of Sociology. 114:2 pp. 332–70.
Peirce, Charles S. (1934). Collected papers: Volume V. Pragmatism and pragmaticism. Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard University Press.
Petrilli, S. (2009). Semiotics as semioethics in the era of global communication. Semiotica, 173(1-4), 343-347, 353-354, 359. doi: 10.1515/SEMI.2009.015
Ponzio, Augusto & S. Petrilli (2007) Semiotics Today. From Global Semiotics to Semioethics, a Dialogic Response. New York, Ottawa, Toronto: Legas. 84 pp. ISBN 978-1-894508-98-8
Sebeok, Thomas A. (Editor) (1977). A Perfusion of Signs. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Signs and Meaning: 5 Questions, edited by Peer Bundgaard and Frederik Stjernfelt, 2009 (Automatic Press / VIP). (Includes interviews with 29 leading semioticians of the world.)
Stubbe, Henry (Henry Stubbes), The Plus Ultra reduced to a Non Plus: Or, A Specimen of some Animadversions upon the Plus Ultra of Mr. Glanvill, wherein sundry Errors of some Virtuosi are discovered, the Credit of the Aristotelians in part Re-advanced; and Enquiries made...., (London), 1670.
Uexküll, Thure von (1982). Semiotics and medicine. Semiotica 38-3/4:205-215
Williamson, Judith. (1978). Decoding Advertisements: Ideology and Meaning in Advertising. London: Boyars.
Notes
^ Caesar, Michael (1999). Umberto Eco: Philosophy, Semiotics, and the Work of Fiction. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7456-0850-1.
^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Syntactics
^ Wiktionary.org
^ σημειωτικός, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
^ σημεῖον, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
^ Stubbe, H.,The Plus Ultra reduced to a Non Plus ... (London, England, 1670), page 75: "... nor is there any thing to be relied upon in Physick, but an exact knowledge of medicinal phisiology (founded on observation, not principles), semeiotics, method of curing, and tried (not excogitated, not commanding) medicines ...."
^ A now-obsolete term for the art or profession of curing disease with (herbal) medicines or (chemical) drugs; especially purgatives or cathartics. Also, it specifically refers to the treatment of humans.
^ That is, "thought out", "contrived", or "devised" (Oxford English Dictionary).
^ Peirce, C.S., Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vol. 2, paragraph 227.
^ Peirce, C.S. (1902), "Logic, Considered as Semeiotic", Manuscript L75, transcription at Arisbe: The Peirce Gateway, and, in particular, its "On the Definition of Logic" (Memoir 12), transcription at Arisbe.
^ 1971, orig. 1938, Writings on the general theory of signs, Mouton, The Hague, The Netherlands
^ 1944, Black M. The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell, Library of Living Philosophers, V5
^ For Peirce's definitions of signs and semiosis, see under "Sign" and "Semiosis, semeiosy" in the Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms; and "76 definitions of sign by C. S. Peirce" collected by Robert Marty. Peirce's "What Is a Sign" (MS 404 of 1894, Essential Peirce v. 2, pp. 4-10) provides intuitive help.
^ See Peirce, excerpt from a letter to William James, March 14, 1909, Collected Papers v. 8, paragraph 314. Also see under relevant entries in the Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms. On coincidence of actual opinion with final opinion, see MS 218, transcription at Arisbe, and appearing in Writings of Charles S. Peirce v. 3, p. 79.
^ He spelt it "semiotic" and "semeiotic". See under "Semeiotic [etc.] in the Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms.
^ Peirce, Collected Papers v. 2, paragraphs 243-63, written circa 1903.
^ He worked on but did not perfect a finer-grained system of ten trichotomies, to be combined into 66 (Tn+1) classes of sign. That raised for Peirce 59,049 classificatory questions (59,049 = 310, or 3 to the 10th power). See p. 482 in "Excerpts from Letters to Lady Welby", Essential Peirce v. 2.
^ Dewey, John, (1946, February 14), “Peirce's Theory of Linguistic Signs, Thought, and Meaning.” The Journal of Philosophy, v. 43, n. 4, pp.85-95.
^ Wikibooks.org
^ a b c Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (1993). Semiotics and communication: Signs, codes, cultures. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
^ Douglas, Mary. 1971. Deciphering a Meal. In: Clifford Geertz (ed.) Myth, Symbol and Culture. New York: Norton, pp. 61–82.
^ Thurlow, C. & Aiello, G. (2007). National pride, global capital: a social semiotic analysis of transnational visual branding in the airline industry, Visual Communication, 6(3), 305–344
[edit]External links

Further reading
Applied Semiotics / Sémiotique appliquée
Communicology: The link between semiotics and phenomenological manifestations
Language and the Origin of Semiosis
Semiotics for Beginners
Signo — www.signosemio.com — Presents semiotic theories and theories closely related to semiotics
The Semiotics of the Web
Peircean focus
Arisbe: The Peirce Gateway
Minute Semeiotic, English, Portuguese
Peirce's Theory of Semiosis: Toward a Logic of Mutual Affection — free online course
Semiotics according to Robert Marty, with 76 definitions of the sign by C. S. Peirce
The Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms
Journals, book series — associations, centers
American Journal of Semiotics, Joseph Brent, Editor, & John Deely, Managing Editor — from the Semiotic Society of America.
Applied Semiotics / Sémiotique appliquée (AS/SA), Peter G. Marteinson & Pascal G. Michelucci, Editors.
Approaches to Semiotics (1969–97 book series), Thomas A. Sebeok, Alain Rey, Roland Posner, et al., Editors.
Approaches to Applied Semiotics (2000–2009 book series), Thomas Sebeok et al., Editors.
Biosemiotics, Marcello Barbieri, Editor-in-Chief — from the International Society for Biosemiotic Studies.
Center for Semiotics, Aarhus University, Denmark.
Cognitive Semiotics, Per Aage Brandt & Todd Oakley, Editors-in-Chief.
Cybernetics and Human Knowing, Søren Brier, Chief Editor.
International Journal of Signs and Semiotic Systems (IJSSS), Angelo Loula & João Queiroz, Editors.
Open Semiotics Resource Center. Journals, lecture courses, etc.
S.E.E.D. Journal (Semiotics, Evolution, Energy, and Development) (2001–7), Edwina Taborsky, Editor — from SEE.
Semiotica, Marcel Danesi, Chief Editor — from the International Association for Semiotic Studies.
Semiotiche, Gian Paolo Caprettini, Managing Director; Andrea Valle & Miriam Visalli, Editors. Some articles in English. Home site seems gone from Web, old url [1] no longer good, and Wayback Machine cannot retrieve.
Semiotics, Communication and Cognition (book series), Paul Cobley & Kalevi Kull, Editors.
SemiotiX New Series: A Global Information Bulletin, Paul Bouissac et al.
Sign Systems Studies, Kalevi Kull, Kati Lindstrom, Mihhail Lotman, Timo Maran, Silvi Salupere, Peeter Torop, Editors — from the Dept. of Semiotics, U. of Tartu, Estonia.
Signs - International Journal of Semiotics. Martin Thellefsen, Torkild Thellefsen, & Bent Sørensen, chief eds.
Tartu Semiotics Library (book series), Peeter Torop, Kalevi Kull, Silvi Salupere, Editors.
The Public Journal of Semiotics, Paul Bouissac, Editor in Chief; Alan Cienki, Associate Editor; René Jorna, Winfried Nöth.
The Semiotic Review of Books, Gary Genosko, General Editor; Paul Bouissac, Founding Editor.
Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, Cornelis de Waal, Chief Editor — from The Charles S. Peirce Society.
Versus: Quaderni di studi semiotici, founded by Umberto Eco.
Look up semiotics in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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Categories: CyberneticsSemioticsPhilosophy of languageGreek loanwords
قس اسپرانتو
Semiotiko estas scienco studanta signojn, de la plej simplaj signaloj, tra kodoj, lingvoj ĝis artefaritaj logikaj sistemoj (ekz. matematika, kemia, muzika ktp.)
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