مرده متحرک زامبی

مرده متحرک یا زامبی (در زبان‌های اروپایی: zombie) به جسدهای متحرکی گفته می‌شود که روح ندارند. مرده‌های متحرک امروزه در فیلم‌های ترسناک غربی زیاد دیده می‌شوند.[۱]

داستان مرده‌های متحرک از وودو یعنی جادوباوری آفریقایی‌تباران دریای کارائیب سرچشمه می‌گیرد.[۲]

بر پایهٔ داستان‌ها، مرده‌های متحرک با گاز گرفتن و وارد کردن بزاق خود به بدن قربانیانشان آنها را همانند خود به یک مرده متحرک تبدیل می‌کنند. در نتیجه، در فیلم‌ها تعداد زامبی‌ها همچنان رو به افزایش است. همچنین بر پایهٔ داستان‌ها، انسان باید در دهان مرده‌های متحرک نمک بریزد زیرا آن‌ها بدین‌وسیله به یاد می‌آورند که مرده‌اند و به گور خود بازمی‌گردند.[۳]

در فرهنگ‌های فارسی واژه زامبی به «مارخدا» ترجمه شده و اصل آن از سرخ‌پوستان دانسته شده‌است.[۴]

در فلسفه [ویرایش]

در فلسفه و به‌ویژه در جستارهای خودآگاهی در فلسفه ذهن، زامبی به سامانه‌ای گفته می‌شود که همانند انسان عمل می‌کند اما خودآگاهی، فهم روانی، و قصد و نیت ندارد.[۵]

منابع [ویرایش]

در ویکی‌انبار پرونده‌هایی دربارهٔ مرده متحرک موجود است.
↑ مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا، «Zombie»، ویکی‌پدیای هلندی، دانشنامهٔ آزاد (بازیابی در ژوئن ۲۰۰۷).
↑ مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا، «Zombie»، ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، دانشنامهٔ آزاد (بازیابی در ژوئن ۲۰۰۷).
↑ مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا، «Zombie»، ویکی‌پدیای هلندی، دانشنامهٔ آزاد (بازیابی در ژوئن ۲۰۰۷).
↑ دیکشنری فارسی بابیلون
↑ Mind, A brief introduction. John R. Searle. انتشارات دانشگاه اکسفورد. ص۶۴


این یک نوشتار خُرد پیرامون اساطیر است. با گسترش آن به ویکی‌پدیا کمک کنید.
این یک نوشتار خُرد فلسفه است. با گسترش آن به ویکی‌پدیا کمک کنید.
رده‌های صفحه: ژانرهای فیلم کنترل ذهن اساطیرفلسفه ذهن کارائیب
از ویکی پدیا
قس عربی
زومبی, (بالإنجلیزیة: Zombie), هو الجسد البشری الذی مات ومن ثم عاد إلى الحیاه، وظهرت أیضا عند عمل سحر الفودو على البعض لیموت ومن بعد دفنه یتم ارجاعه بواسطة هذا السحر، اشتهر مصطلح وفکرة الزومبی من بعد ظهورها فی کتاب أنا أسطورة عام 1968 وأیضا فیلم الأموات الاحیاء.[1].
محتویات [أخف]
1 زومبی فی الفودو
2 معتقدات جنوب أفریقیا
3 الثقافة الشعبیة
4 مصادر
5 وصلات خارجیة
[عدل]زومبی فی الفودو



مجموعة من الزومبی، وإطلاق النار من فیلم سوق اللحوم 3
ووفقا لتعالیم الفودوو، شخص میت إحیاء قبل بوکور، أو ساحر. الکسالى لا تزال تحت سیطرة بوکور منذ لیس لدیهم إرادة خاصة بها. "زومبی الأفعى المؤلهة فی الدیانة الودونیة" هو أیضا اسم آخر للثعبان الفودو، من أصل النیجر والکونغو، بل هو أقرب إلى (nzambi) کلمة کیکونغو، الأمر الذی یعنی "الله". وهناک أیضا فی اطار التقالید الغربیة الأفریقیة زومبی الأفعى المؤلهة فی الدیانة الودونیة نجمی، الذی هو جزء من الروح البشریة التی یتم التقاطها من قبل بوکور وتستخدم لتعزیز قوة بوکور ل.ویعتقد أن بعد وقت إرادة الله أن الروح من جدید وهکذا زومبی الأفعى المؤلهة فی الدیانة الودونیة هی کیان مؤقت الروحیة [2].
فی عام 1937، أثناء بحثه الفولکلور فی هایتی، واجه الزوراء نیل حالة امرأة ظهرت فی القریة، وعائلة وادعى أنها کانت فیلیسیا فیلیکس، الموجهین، أحد أقرباء الذین لقوا حتفهم ودفنوا فی عام 1907 عن عمر یناهز ال 29. متابعة الشائعات التی اعطیت للأشخاص المتضررین المخدرات القویة التأثیر النفسانی، لکنها لم تتمکن من تحدید موقع الأفراد على استعداد لتقدیم الکثیر من المعلومات. وکتبت : "ما هو أکثر من ذلک، إذا کان العلم یحصل أی وقت مضى إلى الجزء السفلی من الفودو فی هایتی وأفریقیا، وسیتم العثور على أن بعض الأسرار الطبیة الهامة، لا تزال غیر معروفة للعلوم الطبیة، وإعطائها قوتها، ولیس لفتات من مراسم [3]."
وبعد عدة عقود، قدم واد دیفیس، وهو هارفارد، وهی قضیة الدوائیة عن الکسالى فی کتابین، والثعبان وقوس قزح (1985) ومرور الظلام : ومن الکسول هایتی (1988). سافر دیفیس فی هایتی فی عام 1982، ونتیجة لتحقیقاته، وادعى أنه یمکن التغلب على شخص یعیش فی غیبوبة من قبل اثنین من مساحیق خاصة یجری إدخالها فی مجرى الدم (عادة عن طریق الجرح). العثور على السم الأول، انقلاب دی (بالفرنسیة :ضربة مسحوق)، ویشمل. والثانی یتکون من مسحوق المخدرات فصامی مثل الداتورة نبات. معا، وقیل إن هذه المساحیق للحث على اقامة دولة مثل الموت الذی سیکون الضحیة سوف تعرض تماما إلى أن من بوکور. دیفیس شعبیة أیضا قصة نارسیس، والذی زعم أن یستسلم لهذه الممارسة.
وقد انتقد مطالبة دیفیس لعدد من الأخطاء العلمیة، بما فی ذلک الاقتراح من غیر المحتمل أن الأطباء ساحرة هایتی یمکن أن تبقی على "الکسالى" فی حالة من نشوة الناجمة عقاقیری لسنوات عدیدة.[4] تتراوح أعراض TTX التسمم من الخدر والغثیان والشلل واللاوعی، والموت، ولکن لا تشمل تشدید مشیة أو نشوة الموت مثل. ووفقا لالاعصاب تیرینس هاینز، والمجتمع العلمی وتنفی هو سبب هذه الحالة، وتقییم دیفیس للطبیعة تقاریر الزومبی هایتی ساذج للغایة.[5]
[عدل]معتقدات جنوب أفریقیا

فی بعض المجتمعات المحلیة فی جنوب أفریقیا یعتقد أنه یمکن التغلب على شخص میت فی غیبوبة قبل ساحرة.[6] وقیل ان یمکن تقسیم موجة من سانقوما بما فیه الکفایة قویة.[7] لقد علم مؤخرا بتقریر احدى القنواة لتلفزیونیة بان الزومبی الذی یعتقد به جنوب أفریقیا بانة یعطى للشخص خلطة عشبیة تؤدی إلى فقدان الشخص جمیع اعمالة الحیویة وتوقف عملیات الفسلجة لدى جمیع خلایاة بحیث یعتبر شبة میت لبعض الوقت ربما لساعات أو ایام وحتى لسنوات بحیث یشتبة ذویة ویظنوة میت ویدفنوة فی زنزانتة ومن ثم یظهر لهم حی بعد حین لکنة یفتقد للکثیر من الادراکات الذهنیة...ویتهم السحرة فی هذا الامر
[عدل]الثقافة الشعبیة

الزومبی واجهة بانتظام فی الرعب والخیال تحت عنوان الخیال والترفیه. ویصور عادة على أنها طائشة، شمبل، الجثث المتحللة مع الطعام لحوم البشر، وفی بعض الحالات، والعقول البشریة على وجه الخصوص. اعتبارا من عام 2009، الزومبی ومصاصی الدماء تحدیا لشعبیتها.[8]
[عدل]مصادر

بوابة میثولوجیا
^ Smith, Neil (March 7, 2008). Zombie maestro lays down the lore. BBC News. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
^ *McAlister, Elizabeth. 1995.“A Sorcerer's Bottle: The Visual Art of Magic in Haiti.” In Donald J. Cosentino, ed., Sacred Arts of Haitian Vodou. UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History, 1995: 304-321.”
^ Hurston,Zora Neale. Dust Tracks on a Road. 2nd Ed. (1942: Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984, p. 205).‎
^ Booth, W. (1988), “Voodoo Science”, Science, 240: 274-277.
^ Hines, Terence; "Zombies and Tetrodotoxin"; Skeptical Inquirer; May/June 2008; Volume 32, Issue 3; Pages 60-62.
^ Marinovich,Greg
Silva Joao (2000). The Bang-Bang Club Snapshots from a Hidden War. William Heinemann. p. 84. ISBN 0434007331.‎
^ Marinovich,Greg
Silva Joao (2000). The Bang-Bang Club Snapshots from a Hidden War. William Heinemann. p. 98. ISBN 0434007331.‎
^ Craig Wilson, "Zombies lurch into popular culture via books, plays, more," USA Today, April 9, 2009, p. 1D (1st page of Life section, above the fold), found at Zombies lurch into popular culture article at USA Today. Accessed April 13, 2009.
[عدل]وصلات خارجیة

هناک المزید من الصور والملفات فی ویکیمیدیا کومنز حول: زومبی
مناقشة الزومبی فی الفیلم فی بی آر على وسائل الاعلام
تصنیفات: فلکلورخرافات أنواع الأفلام
قس انگلیسی
A zombie (Haitian Creole: zonbi; North Mbundu: nzumbe) is an animated corpse brought back to life by mystical means, such as witchcraft.[1] The term is often figuratively applied to describe a hypnotized person bereft of consciousness and self-awareness, yet ambulant and able to respond to surrounding stimuli. Since the late 19th century, zombies have acquired notable popularity, especially in North American and European folklore.
In modern times, the term "zombie" has been applied to an undead being in horror fiction, largely drawn from George A. Romero's 1968 film Night of the Living Dead.[2] They have appeared as plot devices in various books, films and in television shows.
Contents [hide]
1 Africa
1.1 West
1.2 South
2 Haiti
3 In popular culture
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Africa

West
According to the tenets of Vodou, a dead person can be revived by a bokor, or sorcerer. Zombies remain under the control of the bokor since they have no will of their own. "Zombi" is also another name of the Vodou snake lwa Damballah Wedo, of Niger–Congo origin; it is akin to the Kikongo word nzambi, which means "god". There also exists within the West African Vodun tradition the zombi astral, which is a part of the human soul that is captured by a bokor and used to enhance the bokor's power. The zombi astral is typically kept inside a bottle which the bokor can sell to clients for luck, healing or business success. It is believed that after a time God will take the soul back and so the zombi is a temporary spiritual entity.[3] It is also said in vodou legend, that feeding a zombie salt will make it return to the grave.
South
The idea of zombies is present in some South African cultures. In some communities it is believed that a dead person can be turned into a zombie by a small child.[4] It is said that the spell can be broken by a powerful enough sangoma.[5]
It is also believed in some areas that witches can turn a person into a zombie by killing and possessing the victim's body in order to force it into slave labor.[6] After rail lines were built to transport migrant workers, stories emerged about "witch trains". These trains appeared ordinary, but were staffed by zombie workers controlled by a witch. The trains would abduct a person boarding at night, and the person would then either be turned into a zombie worker, or beaten and thrown from the train a distance away from the original location.[6]
Haiti

In 1937, while researching folklore in Haiti, Zora Neale Hurston encountered the case of a woman who appeared in a village, and a family claimed she was Felicia Felix-Mentor, a relative who had died and been buried in 1907 at the age of 29. Hurston pursued rumors that the affected persons were given a powerful psychoactive drug, but she was unable to locate individuals willing to offer much information. She wrote:
What is more, if science ever gets to the bottom of Voodoo in Haiti and Africa, it will be found that some important medical secrets, still unknown to medical science, give it its power, rather than gestures of ceremony.[7]

Several decades later, Wade Davis, a Harvard ethnobotanist, presented a pharmacological case for zombies in two books, The Serpent and the Rainbow (1985) and Passage of Darkness: The Ethnobiology of the Haitian Zombie (1988). Davis traveled to Haiti in 1982 and, as a result of his investigations, claimed that a living person can be turned into a zombie by two special powders being introduced into the blood stream (usually via a wound). The first, coup de poudre (French: "powder strike"), includes tetrodotoxin (TTX), a powerful and frequently fatal neurotoxin found in the flesh of the pufferfish (order Tetraodontidae). The second powder consists of dissociative drugs such as datura. Together, these powders were said to induce a death-like state in which the will of the victim would be entirely subjected to that of the bokor. Davis also popularized the story of Clairvius Narcisse, who was claimed to have succumbed to this practice.
The process described by Davis was an initial state of death-like suspended animation, followed by re-awakening — typically after being buried — into a psychotic state. The psychosis induced by the drug and psychological trauma was hypothesised by Davis to re-inforce culturally-learned beliefs and to cause the individual to reconstruct their identity as that of a zombie, since they "knew" they were dead, and had no other role to play in the Haitian society. Societal reinforcement of the belief was hypothesized by Davis to confirm for the zombie individual the zombie state, and such individuals were known to hang around in graveyards, exhibiting attitudes of low affect.
Davis' claim has been criticized, particularly the suggestion that Haitian witch doctors can keep "zombies" in a state of pharmacologically induced trance for many years.[8] Symptoms of TTX poisoning range from numbness and nausea to paralysis — particularly of the muscles of the diaphragm — unconsciousness, and death, but do not include a stiffened gait or a death-like trance. According to psychologist Terence Hines, the scientific community dismisses tetrodotoxin as the cause of this state, and Davis' assessment of the nature of the reports of Haitian zombies is viewed as overly credulous.[9]
Scottish psychiatrist R. D. Laing highlighted the link between social and cultural expectations and compulsion, in the context of schizophrenia and other mental illness, suggesting that schizogenesis may account for some of the psychological aspects of zombification.[10]
In popular culture

See also: Zombie (fictional)
The figure of the zombie has appeared several times in fantasy themed fiction and entertainment, as early as the 1929 novel The Magic Island by William Seabrook. Time claimed that the book "introduced 'zombi' into U.S. speech".[11] In 1932, Victor Halperin directed White Zombie, a horror film starring Bela Lugosi. This film, capitalizing on the same voodoo zombie themes as Seabrook's book of three years prior, is often regarded as the first legitimate zombie film ever made, and introduced the word "zombie" to the wider world.[12] Other zombie-themed films include Val Lewton's I Walked With a Zombie (1943) and Wes Craven's The Serpent and the Rainbow, (1988) a heavily fictionalized account of Wade Davis' book.
The zombie also appears as a metaphor in protest songs, symbolizing mindless adherence to authority, particularly in law enforcement and the armed forces. Well-known examples include Fela Kuti's 1976 album Zombie, and The Cranberries' 1994 single "Zombie".
A new version of the zombie, distinct from that described in Haitian religion, has also emerged in popular culture in recent decades. This "zombie" is taken largely from George A. Romero's seminal film The Night of the Living Dead, which was in turn partly inspired by Richard Matheson's 1954 novel I Am Legend.[13] The word zombie is not used in Night of the Living Dead, but was applied later by fans.[14] The monsters in the film and its sequels, such as Dawn of the Dead and Day of the Dead, as well as its many inspired works, such as Return of the Living Dead and Zombi 2, are usually hungry for human flesh although Return of the Living Dead introduced the popular concept of zombies eating brains. Sometimes they are victims of a fictional pandemic illness causing the dead to reanimate or the living to behave this way, but often no cause is given in the story. Although this modern monster bears some superficial resemblance to the Haitian zombie tradition, its links to such folklore are unclear,[13] and many consider George A. Romero to be the progenitor of this creature.[15] Zombie fiction is now a sizeable sub-genre of horror, usually describing a breakdown of civilization occurring when most of the population become flesh-eating zombies — a zombie apocalypse.
See also

Anchimayen
Draugr
Dybbuk
Frankenstein
Ghoul
Golem
Hoodoo
Jiang Shi
Mind control
Ro-langs
Undead
References

^ "Zombie". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 1998.
^ Smith, Neil (7 March 2008). "Zombie maestro lays down the lore". London: BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
^ *McAlister, Elizabeth. 1995.“A Sorcerer's Bottle: The Visual Art of Magic in Haiti.” In Donald J. Cosentino, ed., Sacred Arts of Haitian Vodou. UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History, 1995: 304–321.”
^ Marinovich, Greg; Silva Joao (2000). The Bang-Bang Club Snapshots from a Hidden War. William Heinemann. p. 84. ISBN 0-434-00733-1.
^ Marinovich, Greg; Silva Joao (2000). The Bang-Bang Club Snapshots from a Hidden War. William Heinemann. p. 98. ISBN 0-434-00733-1.
^ a b Niehaus, Isak (June 2005). "Witches and Zombies of the South African Lowveld: Discourse, Accusations and Subjective Reality". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 11 (2): 197–198.
^ Hurston, Zora Neale. Dust Tracks on a Road. 2nd Ed. (1942: Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984, p. 205).
^ Booth, W. (1988), "Voodoo Science", Science, 240: 274–277.
^ Hines, Terence; "Zombies and Tetrodotoxin"; Skeptical Inquirer; May/June 2008; Volume 32, Issue 3; Pages 60–62.
^ Oswald, Hans Peter (2009 (84 pages)). Vodoo. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 39. ISBN 3-8370-5904-9.
^ "Mumble-Jumble", Time, 9 September 1940.
^ Roberts, Lee. "White Zombie is regarded as the first zombie film", November 2006.
^ a b Stokes, Jasie. "Ghouls, Hell and Transcendence: the Zombie in Popular Culture". Bringham YOung University. Retrieved 2011-10=02.
^ Savage, Annaliza (15 June 2010). "'Godfather of the Dead' George A. Romero Talks Zombies". Wired. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
^ Deborah Christie, Sarah Juliet Lauro, ed. (2011). Better Off Dead: The Evolution of the Zombie as Post-Human. Fordham Univ Press. p. 169. ISBN 0-8232-3447-9, 9780823234479.
Further reading

Ackermann, Hans-W.; Gauthier, Jeanine (1991). "The Ways and Nature of the Zombi". The Journal of American Folklore 104 (414): 466–494. doi:10.2307/541551. JSTOR 541551. edit
Bishop, Kyle William (2010) American Zombie Gothic: The rise and fall (and rise) of the walking dead in popular culture McFarland, Jefferson, North Carolina, ISBN 978-0-7864-4806-7
Black, J. Anderson (2000) The Dead Walk Noir Publishing, Hereford, Herefordshire, ISBN 0-9536564-2-X
Curran, Bob (2006) Encyclopedia of the Undead: A field guide to creatures that cannot rest in peace New Page Books, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, ISBN 1-56414-841-6
Davis, E. Wade (1983). "The ethnobiology of the Haitian zombi". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 9 (1): 85–104. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(83)90029-6. PMID 6668953. edit
Davis, Wade (1988) Passage of Darkness: The ethnobiology of the Haitian zombie University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, ISBN 0-8078-1776-7
Dendle, Peter (2001) The Zombie Movie Encyclopedia McFarland, Jefferson, North Carolina, ISBN 0-7864-0859-6
Flint, David (2008) Zombie Holocaust: How the living dead devoured pop culture Plexus, London, ISBN 978-0-85965-397-8
Forget, Thomas (2007) Introducing Zombies Rosen Publishing, New York, ISBN 1-4042-0852-6; (juvenile)
Graves, Zachary (2010) Zombies: The complete guide to the world of the living dead Sphere, London, ISBN 978-1-84744-415-8
Littlewood, Roland; Douyon, Chavannes (1997). "Clinical findings in three cases of zombification". The Lancet 350: 1094–6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)04449-8. edit
McIntosh, Shawn and Leverette, Marc (editors) (2008) Zombie Culture: Autopsies of the Living Dead Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Maryland, ISBN 0-8108-6043-0
Moreman, Christopher M., and Cory James Rushton (editors) (2011) Race, Oppression and the Zombie: Essays on Cross-Cultural Appropriations of the Caribbean Tradition. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-5911-7.
Moreman, Christopher M., and Cory James Rushton (editors) (2011) Zombies Are Us: Essays on the Humanity of the Walking Dead. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-5912-4.
Russell, Jamie (2005) Book of the dead: the complete history of zombie cinema FAB, Godalming, England, ISBN 1-903254-33-7
Waller, Gregory A. (2010) Living and the undead: slaying vampires, exterminating zombies University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Indiana, ISBN 978-0-252-07772-2
External links

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Categories: Corporeal undeadFilm genresHorror fictionMind controlCaribbean mythologyPop culture words of Bantu originVodouZombies