منطقةالبروج نیسنگ پرهون

منطقةالبروج که فلک‌البروج (نیسنگ پرهون) نیز نامیده می‌شود. جایی از آسمان که به گونه ی یک نوار گرد که نزدیک ۹ درجه از بالا و ۹ درجه از پایینِ دائرةالبروج را می‌پوشاند. ۱۲ صورت فلکی در آن قرار دارند و ظاهراً (از دید ساکنان کرهٔ زمین) به نظر می‌آید که خورشید، ماه و پنج سیارهٔ تیر، ناهید، بهرام، مشتری و کیوان (یعنی سیاره‌هایی که با چشم غیرمسلح دیده می‌شوند) در این محدوده از آسمان در حال حرکت هستند.



نمونه‌ای منطقةالبروج اسلامی و برج‌های ۱۲ گانه؛ موزه پرگامون برلین، آلمان
محتویات [نمایش]
تقسیم‌بندی منطقةالبروج [ویرایش]

بر اساس تقسیم‌بندی دائرةالبروج به دوازده بخش مساوی (هر بخش معادل ۳۰ درجه)، منطقةالبروج را نیز به همان ۱۲ بخش مساوی تقسیم می‌کنند و هر بخش را یک برج می‌نامند. اما برای مشخص کردن قسمت‌های مختلف منطقةالبروج، عمدتاً از نام ۱۲ صورت فلکی که در این منطقه قرار دارند استفاده می‌شود. نام این صور فلکی در زیر آمده است. نکتهٔ خیلی مهم در مورد ارتباط این ۱۲ صورت فلکی با دوازده برجِ منطقةالبروج، این است که با وجود هم‌نام بودن آنها، محل قرار گرفتن هر صورت فلکی با برجِ هم‌نامِ آن یکسان نیست. دلیل این مطلب پدیده‌ای به نام تقدیم اعتدالین است.

صورتهای فلکی دوازده‌گانه [ویرایش]



شکل ۱۲ صورت فلکی منطقةالبروج


شکل کمانگیر از کتاب «ستاره های ثابت»، نوشته عبدالرحمان صوفی به سال ۹۶۴ میلادی
نام صور فلکی دوازده‌گانهٔ منطقةالبروج که دانشمند ایرانی عبدالرحمان صوفی در سال ۹۶۴ میلادی در اصفهان تعیین و ترسیم کرده عبارت هستد از:

حمل، قوچ
ثور، گاو
جوزا، دو پیکر
سرطان، خرچنگ
اسد، شیر
سنبله، دوشیزه
میزان، ترازو
عقرب، کژدم
قوس، کمانگیر
جدی، بزغالهٔ نر
دلو، آب کش
حوت، ماهی
در طالع‌بینی چینی [ویرایش]

[نمایش]
ن • ب • و
منطقةالبروج چینی
جستارهای وابسته [ویرایش]

دائرةالبروج
صورت فلکی
تقدیم اعتدالین
منبع [ویرایش]

ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی


پیوند به بیرون [ویرایش]

در ویکی‌انبار پرونده‌هایی دربارهٔ منطقةالبروج موجود است.
صور فلکی
صورتهای فلکی
نجوم
Chinese Zodiac Chart — طالع بینی چینی (انگلیسی)
Zodiac cartomanzia University of Florence research
Zodiacs — سایتی مفید راجع به منطقه البروج (انگلیسی)
Ophiuchus — مشکل برج سیزدهم (اُفیوخوس یا برج مارگیر) (انگلیسی)
راهنمایی برای علاقمندان به طالع بینی
کتاب احکام نجوم در باب کواکب و برجها اثر ابوریحان بیرونی
[نهفتن]
ن • ب • و
منطقةالبروج
برج‌های فلکی منطقةالبروج
حمل ثور جوزا سرطان اسد سنبله میزان عقرب قوس جدی دلو حوت

صورت‌های فلکی بر دایرةالبروج
بره گاو دوپیکر خرچنگ شیر دوشیزه ترازو کژدم مارافسای کمان بزغاله دلو ماهی
ستاره‌بینی • ستاره‌شناسی
رده‌های صفحه: دستگاه مختصات سماوی ستاره‌بینی ستاره‌شناسی باستانستاره‌شناسی رصدی صورت‌های فلکی
از ویکی پدیا
قس عربی
دائرة البروج هی الدائرة الکبرى التی یقع فیها مستوى مدار الأرض حول الشمس ویقطع الکرة السماویة التی کان یعتقد أنها لا نهائیة فی الکبر. ومستوى مدار الأرض (المستوى البروجی) یعرف لذلک بأنه المستوى الذی یشمل الخط الواصل بین مرکز الشمس ومرکز ثقل نظام الأرض والقمر واتجاه دوران مرکز ثقل هذا النظام حول الشمس. ولا ینطبق مرکز ثقل نظام الأرض والقمر مع مرکز الأرض، بل یقع مرکز الثقل على بعد حوالی 4700 کیلومتر من مرکز الأرض (حوالی 1700 کم تحت سطح الأرض) وعلى الخط الواصل بین مرکزی الأرض و القمر . وتعتبر الإحداثیات البروجیة فی الأرصاد الفلکیة منسوبة لمرکز الأرض، التی تتأرجح بدورة طولها حوالی شهر بمقدار بسیط حول مستوى البروج ، بسبب دوران کل من الأرض والقمر حول مرکز ثقلهما المشترک. وتبعا لموقع الأرض فی وقت الرصد جنوب أو شمال مستوى البروج ، فإن لمسقط مرکز الشمس على الکرة السماویة کما یرى من مرکز الأرض قیمة عرض بروجی بسیطة موجبة أو سالبة على التوالی. وعرض الشمس البروجی لا یتعدة 0.8" بأی حال من الأحوال. لهذا السبب فإن مدار الشمس السنوی الظاهری على الکرة السماویة ینطبق جیدا مع دائرة البروج.
تتواجد الشمس فی حوالی 21 مارس و23 سبتمبر فی نقطة تقاطع دائرة البروج مع خط الاستواء السماوی. وهذان هما وقتی تساوی اللیل والنهار (الاعتدالین)، وتسمیان بنقطتی الربیع والخریف على التوالی . وفی حوالی 21 یونیو تصل الشمس إلى أقرب نقطة إلى الشمال على دائرة البروج ، وفی حوالی 21 دیسمبر إلى أقرب النقط إلى الجنوب. وهذان هما وقتی بدایة الصیف والشتاء وتسمیان بنقطتی الانقلاب (نقطتی انقلاب الشمس) على التوالی . وکل من نقط الربیع والخریف والصیف والشتاء یبعد عن الآخر بمقدار بمقدار 90°.


دوران الأرض حول الشمس یجعل الشمس کما لو کانت تنتقل عبر الأبراج الفلکیة (أحمر) ولکن هذه الدائرة تمیل بمقدار 23°27' بالنسبة إلى إلى خط الاستواء السماوی (أزرق).

تقطع دائرة البروج مستوى الاستواء السماوی بزاویة میل تسمى میل دائرة البروج وتقدر بحوالی 23°27' وهی متغیرة نتیجة تبادر الاعتدالین والترنح اللذان یحدثان تغییرا فی وضعی کل من دائرة البروج ومستوى الاستواء یالنسبة للنجوم الثوابت.
تسمى النقطتان اللتان تصنعان زاویة مقدارها 90° مع کل نقطة على دائرة البروج بقطبی دائرة البروج. ویقع القطب الشمالی للبروج فی نصف الکرة الواقع شمال مستواها الاستوائی، وما یقابله فی نصف الکرة السماوی الجنوبی هو القطب الجنوبی للبروج.
یطلق على حزام بعرض بضع درجات على جانبی دائرة البروج منذ القدم اسم دائرة الحیوانات، ویرجع اسم البروج إلى امتداد هذا الحزام على البروج المعروفة، کما یرجع معناها بالأفرنجیة إکلبتک إلى کلمة یونانیةهی إکلبس ومعناها اختفاء، أی اختفاء أی من الشمس أو القمر، الأمر الذی یحدث عندما یکون القمر قریبا مباشرة لإحدى نقط تقاطع مسقط مداره على الکرة السماویة مع دائرة البروج.
تحتوی دائرة الحیوانات على البروج الاثنی عشر: الحمل؛ الثور؛ التوأمان؛ السرطان؛ الأسد؛ العذراء؛ المیزان؛ العقرب؛ القوس؛ الجدی؛ الدلو؛ الحوت. وکوکبة الحواء التی توجد فی منطقة البروج لا تنتمی إلى دائرة الحیوانات و برج القوس تمر فیها. والبرج فی التنجیم عبارة عن منطقة حوالی °30 من حزام دائرة الحیوانات ، ینتظم فیها البروج السابقة، وللبروج المختلفة رموز خاصة.
[عدل]مواضیع ذات صلة

أبراج صینیة
مسار البروج
مستوى البروج
ضوء دائرة البروج
بوابة میثولوجیا
[أخف] ع • ن • تدائرة البروج
الأبراج الفلکیة لدائرة البروج
الحمل الثور الجوزاء السرطان الأسد العذراء المیزان العقرب القوس الجدی الدلو الحوت

الکوکبات الفلکیة علی مسار الشمس
حمل ثور توأمان سرطان أسد عذراء میزان عقرب حواء رامی جدی دلو حوت
علم التنجیم • علم الفلک
تصنیفان: تنجیمأبراج فلکیة
قس اردو
نظام شمسی کا مرکز سورج ہے، زمین (اور دیگر کواکب) اسکے گرد گھومتے ہیں۔ مگر چونکہ ہم زمین پر رہتے ہیں لہذا ہمیں سورج متحرک اور زمین ساکن معلوم دیتی ہے۔ وہ دائرہ نما راستہ جس پر(بظاہر) ہمیں سورج (زمین کے اطراف) گردش کرتا نظر آتا ہے طریق الشمس کہلاتا ہے۔ آسمان پر سورج کی اس گزرگاہ (طریق الشمس) کے دونوں جانب کم و بیش 9 درجے پر مشتمل راستے کو اگر ایک حلقہ قرار دیں تو ہمیں تمام کواکب اور ستارے اسی حلقے کے اندر حرکت کرتے نظر آئیں گے۔ آسمان پر اسی بیضوی حلقہ یا بیلٹ کو اصطلاحاً دائرۃ البروج کہتے ہیں۔
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بیرونی روابط برائے ہندی نجوم
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قس انگلیسی
In both astrology and historical astronomy, the zodiac (Greek: ζῳδιακός, zōdiakos) is a circle of twelve 30° divisions of celestial longitude that are centered upon the ecliptic: the apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of the year. The paths of the Moon and visible planets also remain close to the ecliptic, within the belt of the zodiac, which extends 8-9° north or south of the ecliptic, as measured in celestial latitude. Historically, these twelve divisions are called signs. Essentially, the zodiac is a celestial coordinate system, or more specifically an ecliptic coordinate system, which takes the ecliptic as the origin of latitude, and the position of the sun at vernal equinox as the origin of longitude.
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[edit]Usage

It is known to have been in use by the Roman era, based on concepts inherited by Hellenistic astronomy from Babylonian astronomy of the Chaldean period (mid-1st millennium BC), which, in turn, derived from an earlier system of lists of stars along the ecliptic.[1] The construction of the zodiac is described in Ptolemy's Almagest (2nd century AD).
The term zodiac derives from Latin zōdiacus, which in its turn comes from the Greek ζῳδιακὸς κύκλος (zōdiakos kuklos), meaning "circle of animals", derived from ζώδιον (zōdion), the diminutive of ζῶον (zōon) "animal". The name is motivated by the fact that half of the signs of the classical Greek zodiac are represented as animals (besides two mythological hybrids).
Although the zodiac remains the basis of the ecliptic coordinate system in use in astronomy besides the equatorial one, the term and the names of the twelve signs are today mostly associated with horoscopic astrology.
The term "zodiac" may also refer to the region of the celestial sphere encompassing the paths of the planets corresponding to the band of about eight arc degrees above and below the ecliptic. The zodiac of a given planet is the band that contains the path of that particular body; e.g., the "zodiac of the Moon" is the band of five degrees above and below the ecliptic. By extension, the "zodiac of the comets" may refer to the band encompassing most short-period comets.[2]
[edit]History

Further information: Former constellations and Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning
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Further information: Babylonian star catalogues and MUL.APIN
The division of the ecliptic into the zodiacal signs originates in Babylonian ("Chaldean") astronomy during the first half of the 1st millennium BC, likely during Median/"Neo-Babylonian" times (7th century BC),[3] The classical zodiac is a modification of the MUL.APIN catalogue, which was compiled around 1000 BC. Some of the constellations can be traced even further back, to Bronze Age (Old Babylonian) sources, including Gemini "The Twins", from MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL "The Great Twins", and Cancer "The Crab", from AL.LUL "The Crayfish", among others.
Babylonian astronomers at some stage during the early 1st millennium BC divided the ecliptic into twelve equal zones of celestial longitude to create the first known celestial coordinate system: a coordinate system that boasts some advantages over modern systems (such as equatorial coordinate system). The Babylonian calendar as it stood in the 7th century BC assigned each month to a sign, beginning with the position of the Sun at vernal equinox, which, at the time, was depicted as the Aries constellation ("Age of Aries"), for which reason the first constellation is still called "Aries" even after the vernal equinox has moved away from the Aries constellation due to the slow precession of the Earth's axis of rotation.[4]
Because the division was made into equal arcs, 30º each, they constituted an ideal system of reference for making predictions about a planet's longitude. However, Babylonian techniques of observational measurements were in a rudimentary stage of evolution and it was probably beyond their capacity to define in a precise way the boundary lines between the zodiacal signs in the sky[5]. Thus, the need to use stars close to the ecliptic (±9º of latitude) as a set of observational reference points to help positioning a planet within this ecliptic coordinate system[6]. Constellations were given the names of the signs and asterisms could be connected in a way that would resemble the sign's name. Therefore, in spite of its conceptual origin, the Babylonian zodiac became sidereal[7].
In Babylonian astronomical records, a planet position was generally given with respect to a zodiacal sign alone, less often in specific degrees within a sign[8]. When the degrees of longitude were given, they were expressed with reference to the 30º of the zodiacal sign, i.e., not with a reference to the continuous 360º ecliptic[9]. To the construction of their mathematical ephemerides, daily positions of a planet were not as important as the dates when the planet crossed from one zodiacal sign to the next[10].
Knowledge of the Babylonian zodiac is also reflected in the Hebrew Bible. E. W. Bullinger interpreted the creatures appearing in the books of Ezekiel and Revelation as the middle signs of the four quarters of the Zodiac,[11][12] with the Lion as Leo, the Bull is Taurus, the Man representing Aquarius and the Eagle representing Scorpio.[13] Some authors have linked the twelve tribes of Israel with the twelve signs. Martin and others have argued that the arrangement of the tribes around the Tabernacle (reported in the Book of Numbers) corresponded to the order of the Zodiac, with Judah, Reuben, Ephraim, and Dan representing the middle signs of Leo, Aquarius, Taurus, and Scorpio, respectively.[14][15] Such connections were taken up by Thomas Mann, who in his novel Joseph and His Brothers attributes characteristics of a sign of the zodiac to each tribe in his rendition of the Blessing of Jacob.
[edit]Hellenistic and Roman era


The 1st century BC Dendera zodiac (19th-century engraving)
The Babylonian star catalogs entered Greek astronomy in the 4th century BC, via Eudoxus of Cnidus and others. Babylonia or Chaldea in the Hellenistic world came to be so identified with astrology that "Chaldean wisdom" became among Greeks and Romans the synonym of divination through the planets and stars. Hellenistic astrology originated from Babylonian and Egyptian astrology. Horoscopic astrology first appeared in Ptolemaic Egypt. The Dendera zodiac, a relief dating to ca. 50 BC, is the first known depiction of the classical zodiac of twelve signs.
Particularly important in the development of Western horoscopic astrology was the astrologer and astronomer Ptolemy, whose work Tetrabiblos laid the basis of the Western astrological tradition. Under the Greeks, and Ptolemy in particular, the planets, Houses, and signs of the zodiac were rationalized and their function set down in a way that has changed little to the present day.[16] Ptolemy lived in the 2nd century AD, three centuries after the discovery of the precession of the equinoxes by Hipparchus around 130 BC, but he ignored the problem by dropping the concept of a fixed celestial sphere and adopting what is referred to as a tropical coordinate system instead.
[edit]Hindu zodiac
The Hindu zodiac uses the sidereal coordinate system, which makes reference to the fixed stars. The Tropical zodiac (of Mesopotamian origin) is divided by the intersections of the ecliptic and equator, which shifts in relation to the backdrop of fixed stars at a rate of 1° every 72 years, creating the phenomenon known as precession of the equinoxes. The Hindu zodiac, being sidereal, does not maintain this seasonal alignment, but there are still similarities between the two systems. The Hindu zodiac signs and corresponding Greek signs sound very different, being in Sanskrit and Greek respectively, but their symbols are nearly identical. For example, dhanu means "bow" and corresponds to Sagittarius, the "archer", and kumbha means "water-pitcher" and corresponds to Aquarius, the "water-carrier". The correspondence of signs is taken to suggest the possibility of early interchange of cultural influences.
[edit]Middle Ages and early modern period


The zodiac signs as shown in a 16th-century woodcut


A 17th-century fresco from the Cathedral of Living Pillar in Georgia depicting Christ within the Zodiac circle
The High Middle Ages saw a revival of Greco-Roman magic, first in Kabbalism and later continued in Renaissance magic. This included magical uses of the zodiac, as found, e.g., in the Sefer Raziel HaMalakh.
The zodiacal symbols are Early Modern simplifications of conventional pictorial representations of the signs, attested since Hellenistic times. The symbols are encoded in Unicode at positions U+2648 to U+2653 in the Miscellaneous Symbols block.
[edit]The twelve signs

Main article: Astrological sign
What follows is a list of the twelve signs of the modern zodiac (with the ecliptic longitudes of their first points), where 0° Aries is understood as the vernal equinox, with their Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, and Babylonian names (but note that the Sanskrit and the Babylonian name equivalents denote the constellations only, not the tropical zodiac signs). Also, the "English translation" is not usually used by English speakers. The Latin names are standard English usage.
№ Symbol Long. Latin name English translation Greek name Sanskrit name Sumero-Babylonian name[17]
1 ♈ 0° Aries The Ram Κριός/Kriós Meṣha (मेष) MUL LUḪUN.GA "The Agrarian Worker", Dumuzi
2 ♉ 30° Taurus The Bull Ταῦρος/Tauros Vṛiṣabha (वृषभ) MULGU4.AN.NA "The Steer of Heaven"
3 ♊ 60° Gemini The Twins Δίδυμοι/Didymoi Mithuna (मिथुन) MULMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL "The Great Twins" (Castor and Pollux)
4 ♋ 90° Cancer The Crab Καρκῖνος/Carcinos Karkaṭa (कर्कट) MULAL.LUL "The Crayfish"
5 ♌ 120° Leo The Lion Λέων/Léōn Siṃha (सिंह) MULUR.GU.LA "The Lion"
6 ♍ 150° Virgo The Maiden Παρθένος/Parthénos Kanyā (कन्या) MULAB.SIN "The Furrow"; "The Furrow, the goddess Shala's ear of corn"
7 ♎ 180° Libra The Scales Ζυγός/Zygós Tula (तुला) zibanitum "The Scales"
8 ♏ 210° Scorpio The Scorpion Σκoρπιός/Scorpiós Vṛścika (वृश्चिक) MULGIR.TAB "The Scorpion"
9 ♐ 240° Sagittarius The (Centaur) Archer Τοξότης/Toxótēs Dhanus (धनुष) MULPA.BIL.SAG, Nedu "soldier"
10 ♑ 270° Capricorn "Goat-horned" (The Sea-Goat) Αἰγόκερως/Aegócerōs Makara (मकर) MULSUḪUR.MAŠ "The Goat-Fish"
11 ♒ 300° Aquarius The Water-Bearer Ὑδροχόος/Hydrochóos Kumbha (कुम्भ) MULGU.LA "The Great One", later qâ "pitcher"
12 ♓ 330° Pisces The Fish Ἰχθύες/Ιchthues Mīna (मीन) MULSIM.MAḪ "The Tail of the Swallow", later DU.NU.NU "fish-cord"


18th century star map illustrating how the feet of Ophiuchus cross the ecliptic
[edit]Zodiacal constellations

It is important to distinguish the zodiacal signs from the constellations associated with them, not only because of their drifting apart due to the precession of equinoxes but also because the physical constellations by nature of their varying shapes and forms take up varying widths of the ecliptic. Thus, Virgo takes up fully five times as much ecliptic longitude as Scorpius. The zodiacal signs, on the other hand, are an abstraction from the physical constellations designed to represent exactly one twelfth of the full circle each, or the longitude traversed by the Sun in about 30.4 days.[18]
There have always been a number of "parazodiacal" constellations that are also touched by the paths of the planets. The MUL.APIN lists Orion, Perseus, Auriga, and Andromeda. Furthermore, there are a number of constellations mythologically associated with the zodiacal ones : Piscis Austrinus, The Southern Fish, is attached to Aquarius. In classical maps, it swallows the stream poured out of Aquarius' pitcher, but perhaps it formerly just swam in it. Aquila, The Eagle, was possibly associated with the zodiac by virtue of its main star, Altair.[citation needed] Hydra in the Early Bronze Age marked the celestial equator and was associated with Leo, which is shown standing on the serpent on the Dendera zodiac.[citation needed] Corvus is the Crow or Raven mysteriously perched on the tail of Hydra.
Due to the constellation boundaries being redefined in 1930 by the International Astronomical Union, the path of the ecliptic now officially passes through thirteen constellations: the twelve traditional 'zodiac constellations' plus Ophiuchus, the bottom part of which interjects between Scorpio and Sagittarius. Ophiuchus is an anciently recognized constellation, catalogued along with many others in Ptolemy's Almagest, but not historically referred to as a zodiac constellation.[19]
The technically inaccurate description of Ophiuchus as a sign of the zodiac dates to the 1970s.[citation needed] This drew prominent media attention on 20 January 1985, following the BBC's opening 'Nine o'clock News' announcement that "an extra sign of the zodiac has been announced by the Royal Astronomical Society".[20] Investigation into the source of the story revealed there had been no such announcement, and that the report had merely sensationalized the 67-year-old 'news' of the IAU's decision to alter the number of designated ecliptic constellations. This was done for the purposes of promoting a forthcoming BBC astronomy program, presented by the RAS's Public Relation Officer, which touched upon the topic of precession.[21] The false assumption that Ophiuchus constitutes an astrological sign periodically resurfaces in the media, due to public misconception and failure to appreciate that the irregular astronomical demarcation of visible constellations does not relate to the separate frame of reference provided by the equally spaced twelve-fold longitude division of the ecliptic into zodiacal signs.[22]
[edit]Table of dates

The following table compares the Gregorian dates on which the Sun enters
a sign in the Ptolemaic tropical zodiac
a sign in the Hindu sidereal system
the astronomical constellation of the same name as the sign, with constellation boundaries as defined in 1930 by the International Astronomical Union.
The theoretical beginning of Aries is the moment of vernal equinox, and all other dates shift accordingly. The precise Gregorian times and dates vary slightly from year to year as the Gregorian calendar shifts relative to the tropical year.[23] These variations remain within less than two days' difference in the recent past and the near-future, vernal equinox in UTC always falling either on 20 or 21 of March in the period of 1797 to 2043, falling on 19 March in 1796 the last time and in 2044 the next.[24]
Sign[25] Constellation[26][27]
Name Symbol Tropical zodiac
(2011) Sidereal zodiac
(2011) Name IAU boundaries
(2011) Solar stay Brightest star
Aries 21 March –
20 April 15 April -
15 May Aries 18 April – 14 May 25.5 days Hamal
Taurus 21 April –
21 May 16 May -
15 June Taurus 14 May – 21 June 38.2 days Aldebaran
Gemini 22 May –
21 June 16 June -
15 July Gemini 21 June – 20 July 29.3 days Pollux
Cancer 22 June –
22 July 16 July -
15 August Cancer 20 July – 10 August 21.1 days Al Tarf
Leo 23 July –
22 August 16 August -
15 September Leo 10 August – 16 September 36.9 days Regulus
Virgo 23 August –
23 September 16 September -
15 October Virgo 16 September – 31 October 44.5 days Spica
Libra 24 September –
23 October 16 October -
16 November Libra 31 October – 21 November 21.1 days Zubeneschamali
Scorpio 24 October –
22 November 16 November -
15 December Scorpius 21 November – 29 November 8.4 days Antares
Ophiuchus n/a Ophiuchus 29 November – 17 December 18.4 days Rasalhague
Sagittarius 23 November –
21 December 16 December -
14 January Sagittarius 17 December – 20 January 33.6 days Kaus Australis
Capricorn 22 December –
20 January 15 January –
14 February Capricornus 20 January – 16 February 27.4 days Deneb Algedi
Aquarius 21 January –
19 February 15 February -
14 March Aquarius 16 February – 12 March 23.9 days Sadalsuud
Pisces 20 February –
20 March 15 March -
14 April Pisces 12 March – 19 April 37.7 days Eta Piscium
Because the Earth's axis is at an angle, some signs take longer to rise than others, and the farther away from the equator the observer is situated, the greater the difference. Thus, signs are spoken of as "long" or "short" ascension.[28]
[edit]Precession of the equinoxes

Further information: Precession of the equinoxes, Epoch (astronomy), Sidereal and tropical astrology, Astrological age, and Ayanamsa


Path taken by the point of vernal equinox along the ecliptic over the past 6000 years
The zodiac system was developed in Babylonia, some 2,500 years ago, during the "Age of Aries". At the time, it is assumed, the precession of the equinoxes was unknown, as the system made no allowance for it. Contemporary use of the coordinate system is presented with the choice of interpreting the system either as sidereal, with the signs fixed to the stellar background, or as tropical, with the signs fixed to the point of vernal equinox.
Western astrology takes the tropical approach, whereas Hindu astrology takes the sidereal one. This results in the originally unified zodiacal coordinate system drifting apart gradually, with a precession angular clockwise (westward) velocity of about 1.4 degrees per century.
For the tropical zodiac used in Western astronomy and astrology, this means that the tropical sign of Aries currently lies somewhere within the constellation Pisces ("Age of Pisces").
The sidereal coordinate system takes into account the ayanamsa, a Sanskrit word where literally ayan means transit or movement and amsa means small part i.e. movement of equinoxes in small parts. It is unclear when Indians became aware of the precession of the equinoxes, but Bhaskar-ii in Siddhanta Shiromani gives equations for measurement of precession of equinoxes, and says his equations are based on some lost equations of Suryasiddhanta plus the equation of Munjaala.
It is not entirely clear how the Hellenistic astronomers responded to this phenomenon of precession once it had been discovered by Hipparchus around 130 BC. Today, some read Ptolemy as dropping the concept of a fixed celestial sphere and adopting what is referred to as a tropical coordinate system instead: in other words, one fixed to the Earth's seasonal cycle rather than the distant stars.
Some modern Western astrologers, such as Cyril Fagan, have advocated abandoning the tropical system in favour of a sidereal one.
[edit]In modern astronomy

Further information: Epoch (astronomy)
The zodiac is a spherical celestial coordinate system. It designates the ecliptic as its fundamental plane and the position of the Sun at Vernal equinox as its prime meridian.
In astronomy, the zodiacal constellations are a convenient way of marking the ecliptic (the Sun's path across the sky) and the path of the moon and planets along the ecliptic. Modern astronomy still uses tropical coordinates for predicting the positions the Sun, Moon, and planets, except longitude in the ecliptic coordinate system is numbered from 0° to 360°, not 0° to 30° within each sign. Longitude within individual signs was still being used as late as 1740 by Jacques Cassini in his Tables astronomiques.
Zodiac is also used to refer to the zodiacal cloud of dust grains that move among the planets and the zodiacal light that originates from their scattering of sunlight.
Unlike the zodiac signs in astrology, which are all thirty degrees in length, the astronomical constellations vary widely in size. The boundaries of all the constellations in the sky were set by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1930. This was, in essence, a mapping exercise to make the work of astronomers more efficient, and the boundaries of the constellations are not therefore in any meaningful sense an 'equivalent' to the zodiac signs. Along with the twelve original constellations, the boundaries of a thirteenth constellation, Ophiuchus (the serpent bearer), were set by astronomers within the bounds of the zodiac.
[edit]Mnemonics

There are many mnemonics for remembering the 12 signs of the zodiac in order. A traditional mnemonic:
The ram, the bull, the heavenly twins,
And next the crab, the lion shines,
The virgin and the scales,
The scorpion, archer, and the goat,
The man who holds the watering-pot,
And fish with glittering scales.[29]
A less poetic, but succinct and perhaps more memorable, mnemonic is the following:
The Ramble Twins Crab Liverish; Scaly Scorpions Are Good Water Fish. [30]
("Ramble" is for Ram (Aries), Bull (Taurus). "Twins" is for Gemini and "Crab" for Cancer. "Liverish" recalls Lion, Virgin (Leo and Virgo). "Scaly" recalls Scale (Libra). "Scorpion" is for Scorpio, and "Are" for Archer (Sagittarius). "Good" is for Goat (Capricorn), "Water" for the Water Bearer (Aquarius) and "Fish" for Pisces.)
Mnemonics in which the initials of the words correspond to the initials of the star signs (Latin, English, or mixed):
All The Great Constellations Live Very Long Since Stars Can't Alter Physics.[31]
As The Great Cook Likes Very Little Salt, She Compensates Adding Pepper.
Really Boring Teachers Can Live Very Sadly Since Apples Give Worthless Feelings.
All That Gold Can Load Very Lazy Students Since Children Are at Play
[edit]Unicode characters

In Unicode, the symbols are encoded in block Miscellaneous Symbols:[32]
U+2648 ♈ aries (HTML: ♈)
U+2649 ♉ taurus (HTML: ♉)
U+264A ♊ gemini (HTML: ♊)
U+264B ♋ cancer (HTML: ♋)
U+264C ♌ leo (HTML: ♌)
U+264D ♍ virgo (HTML: ♍)
U+264E ♎ libra (HTML: ♎)
U+264F ♏ scorpius (HTML: ♏)
U+2650 ♐ sagittarius (HTML: ♐)
U+2651 ♑ capricorn (HTML: ♑)
U+2652 ♒ aquarius (HTML: ♒)
U+2653 ♓ pisces (HTML: ♓)
[edit]See also

Astrology portal
Alexander A. Gurshtein
Astronomical symbols
Circle of stars
Cusp (astrology)
Elements of the zodiac
[edit]References

^ see MUL.APIN. See also Lankford, John History of Astronomy Routledge 1996 ISBN 978-0-8153-0322-0P.43, books.google.co.uk
^ OED, citing J. Harris, Lexicon Technicum (1704): "Zodiack of the Comets, Cassini hath observed a certain Tract [...] within whose Bounds [...] he hath found most Comets [...] to keep."
^ Powell 2004
^ Hugh Thurston, Early Astronomy, (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1994), p. 135–137.
^ Sachs (1948), p. 289.
^ Rochberg (1998), pp. 31.
^ Rochberg (1998), pp. 17, 19.
^ Rochberg (1998), p. 7.
^ Rochberg (1998), p. 17.
^ Rochberg (1998), p. 8.
^ E.W. Bullinger, The Witness of the Stars
^ D. James Kennedy, The Real Meaning of the Zodiac.
^ Richard Hinckley Allen, Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning, Vol. 1 (New York: Dover Publications, 1899, p. 213-215.) argued for Scorpio having previously been called Eagle. for Scorpio.
^ Ernest L. Martin, The Birth of Christ Recalculated (Pasadena, California: Foundation for Biblical Research, second ed., 1980), p. 167ff.[clarification needed]
^ D. Guthrie, J.A. Motyer (ed.), The New Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., third ed., 1970) p. 173.
^ Derek and Julia Parker, Ibid, p16, 1990
^ MUL.APIN; Peter Whitfield, History of Astrology (2001); W. Muss-Arnolt, The Names of the Assyro-Babylonian Months and Their Regents, Journal of Biblical Literature (1892).
^ 30.4368 SI days or 2629743 seconds in tropical astrology and 30.4380 SI days or 2629846 seconds in sidereal astrology on average (the time spent by the Sun in each sign varies slightly due to the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit).
^ Ptolemy (2nd cent.). "VII.5". In R. Catesby Taliaferro. Almagest (1982 ed.). p. 239. Ptolemy refers to the constellation as Septentarius 'the serpent holder'.
^ Kollerstrom, N. (October 1995). "Ophiuchus and the media". The Observatory (KNUDSEN; OBS) 115: 261–262. Bibcode 1995Obs...115..261K. Reproduced online at SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS), retrieved 13 July 2011.
^ Kollerstrom, N. (October 1995). "Ophiuchus and the media". The Observatory (KNUDSEN; OBS) 115: 261–262. Bibcode 1995Obs...115..261K.
^ The notion received further international media attention in January 2011, when it was reported that astronomer Parke Kunkle, a board-member of the Minnesota Planetarium Society, had suggested that Ophiuchus was the zodiac's '13th sign'. He later issued a statement to say he had not reported that the zodiac ought to include 13 signs instead of 12, but was only mentioning that there were 13 constellations; reported in Mad Astronomy: Why did your zodiac sign change? 13 January 2011.
^ The Gregorian calendar is built to satisfy the First Council of Nicaea, which placed vernal equinox is on 21 March, but it is not possible to keep it on a single day within a reasonable system of leap days.
^ See Jean Meeus, Astronomical Tables of the Sun, Moon, and Planets, 1983 published by Willmann-Bell, Inc., Richmond, Virginia. The date in other time zones may vary.
^ Jackson Swift (2011-05-31). "Astrology: Tropical Zodiac and Sidereal Zodiac". goarticles.com. Retrieved 2012-02-22.
^ "Astronomical Almanac Online!(subscribers) U.S. Naval Observatory 2008". Asa.usno.navy.mil. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
^ IAU concluded in 1977
^ Julia Parker "The Astrologer's Handbook", pp 10, Alva Press, NJ, 2010
^ Project Gutenberg ebook "An Alphabet Of Old Friends"; see Z for Zodiac.
^ Rey, H.A. (1952). The Stars, Houghton Mifflin.
^ Mnemonic: Zodiac Signs "Mnemonic: Zodiac Signs"
^ "Zodiacal symbols in Unicode block Miscellaneous Symbols". The Unicode Standard date=2010.
B. L. van der Waerden, "History of the zodiac", Archiv für Orientforschung 16 (1953) 216–230.
Emelianov, Vladimir. Nippurskij kalendar' i rannjaja istorija Zodiaka (Nippur Calendar and the Early History of Zodiac). St.-Petersburg, Peterburgskoje vostokovedenje, 1999.
Ptolemy, Claudius (1998). The Almagest. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00260-6 Translated and annotated by G. J. Toomer; with a foreword by Owen Gingerich.
Powell, Robert, Influence of Babylonian Astronomy on the Subsequent Defining of the Zodiac (2004), PhD thesis, summarized by anonymous editor, Wayback version.
Tropical v Sidereal debate, The Traditional Astrologer magazine, (Ascella), Issue 14, May 1997, pp. 23–27
Peters, Christian Heinrich Friedrich and Edward Ball Knobel. Ptolemy's Catalogue of Stars: a revision of the Almagest. (1915). Publishers, Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Rochberg, Francesca (1998), "Babylonian Horoscopes", American Philosophical Society, New Series, Vol. 88, No. 1, pp i-164
Sachs, Abraham (1948), "A Classification of the Babylonian Astronomical Tablets of the Seleucid Period", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 271-290
[edit]External links

Media related to Zodiac at Wikimedia Commons
[hide] v t e The Zodiac
Astrology | Signs of the Zodiac
Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius Pisces

Astronomy | Constellations of the Ecliptic
Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpius Ophiuchus Sagittarius Capricornus Aquarius Pisces
See also: Ecliptic coordinates Precession of the equinoxes 13-sign zodiac Zodiacal light
[show] v t e
Greek astronomy
[show] v t e
Western zodiac
[show] v t e
Astrology
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Categories: Ancient astronomyAstrological signsAstrologyCelestial coordinate systemConstellationsEarly scientific cosmologiesHistory of astrology
قس ترکی استانبولی
Zodyak, ekliptiğin iki yanında, aşağı yukarı 10 derece genişliğinde, içinde Güneş'in ve gezegenlerin döndüğü bir gökkubbe kuşağıdır. Ekliptik, dünyadan bakan birinin gözüktüğü şekliyle Güneş'in Yeryüzü çevresinde bir yılda çizdiği görünür yörüngesinden başka bir şey değildir; diğer bir deyişle yer-merkezli sistemin bir verisidir.
Konu başlıkları [gizle]
1 Ekliptik
2 Burçların oluşumu
3 Astrolojide Element
4 Tropikal Astroloji
5 Astrolojide gruplar
6 Yıldız haritası
7 Ayrıca bakınız
[değiştir]Ekliptik

Ekliptik düzlemi, günümüzde, gök ekvatoruna göre yaklaşık 23 derece eğilimli durumdadır ve onu, adları Ekinoks olan iki noktada keser; İlkbahar Ekinoksu ya da "Koç'un ilk noktası" (ilkbahar ekinoksu) ve Sonbahar Ekinoksu.
Ekliptik üzerindeki yıllık dolanımı sırasında Güneş, günde yaklaşık bir derece ilerleyerek (yılda 360 derece) zodyağın 12 burcundan geçer. Oysa çok iyi bilinmektedir ki Güneş'in zodyağın 12 burcu çevresindeki görünür hareketini yaratan, gerçekte Dünya'nın Güneş çevresindeki dönüşüdür.
[değiştir]Burçların oluşumu

Astrolojide burçlar boylamları, Koç'un ilk noktasından(=0 derece Koç'tan 360 derece Balık'a) yola çıkarak geleneksel olarak belirlenmiştir. Bunlar sırasıyla;
Koç (0°)
Boğa (30°)
İkizler (60°)
Yengeç (90°)
Aslan (120°)
Başak (150°)
Terazi (180°)
Akrep (210°)
Yay (240°)
Oğlak (270°)
Kova (300°)
Balık (330°)
[değiştir]Astrolojide Element

Burçlar 4 elemente ayrılırlar. Ateş, Hava, Su ve Toprak.
Her element de 3 gruba ayrılırlar. Bunlar, Öncü, Sabit ve Değişken'dir. Batı Astrolojisinin Takım yıldızlarıyla bir alakası yoktur. Yukarıda anlatıldığı gibi ilkbahar ekinoksunun başlangıcı olan 0 derece Koç esas alınarak "Burçlar kuşağı" oluşturulur. 0 derece Koç esas alındığında 360 derecelik dairenin matematiksel olarak 30 dereceye bölünmesinden 12 burç elde edilir.


Zodyak Çarkı: 6.yüzyıldan kalan İsrail'de Beit Alpha sinagogunda bulunan Mozaik işlemeli Burçları gösteren Resim.
[değiştir]Tropikal Astroloji

Mevsimleri esas alan bu Astrolojiye göre Koç burcunun öncü kabul edilmesinin nedeni, ilkbahar mevsiminin bu burçla başlıyor olmasıdır. Daha sonra Boğa burcu gelir ki, bu o mevsimin sabit yaşandığı dönemdir, bundan dolayı Boğa burçları sabit gruba girerler. Boğa burcunu takipen İkizler burcu gelir ki, bu mevsimin değişmeye başladığı dönemdir. Bundan dolayı İkizler burcu değişken gruba denk gelir. Dolayısıyla mevsim başlarında yer alan burçlar öncü gruba, sabit olduğu dönem sabit gruba ve mevsimin değişmeye başladığı dönemlerde değişken burçlara denk gelir.
[değiştir]Astrolojide gruplar

Ateş grubuna giren burçlar sırasıyla; Koç (Öncü), Aslan (Sabit) ve Yay (Değişken)
Toprak grubuna giren burçlar sırasıyla; Oğlak (Öncü), Boğa (Sabit) ve Başak (Değişken)
Su grubuna giren burçlar sırasıyla; Yengeç (Öncü), Akrep (Sabit) ve Balık (Değişken)
Hava grubuna giren burçlar sırasıyla; Terazi (Öncü) , Kova (Sabit) ve İkizler (Değişken)
[değiştir]Yıldız haritası

Ana madde: Yıldız haritası
Bir bebeğin doğup ilk nefesini soluduğu anda Yıldız haritası oluşur. Yukarıda anlattığımız Burçlar 360 derecelik bir dairede 30 dereceye bölünerek 12 burç oluşturur. Bu yıldız haritasında sıralanır. Yıldız haritası doğum anındaki gökyüzünü resimleyen bir şemadır. Bu şemada burçlar, evler, gezegenler ve gezegenlerin birbirleriyle yapmış oldukları açılar vardır. Bu haritaya Yıldız haritası ismi verilir. Bu haritayı yorumlayan insanlara da "Astrolog" adı verilir.
[değiştir]Ayrıca bakınız

Astroloji
Yıldız haritası
Gökbilim ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini genişleterek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
Kategoriler: Astronomi taslaklarıZodyak