میوه های توتی

میوه توتی نوعی از میوه ها هستند برای نمونه می توان میوه های انگور، توت فرنگی، توت را نام برد.

منابع [ویرایش]

مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا، «Berry»، ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، دانشنامهٔ آزاد (بازیابی در ۱۹ سپتامبر ۲۰۱۱).



در ویکی‌انبار پرونده‌هایی دربارهٔ میوه توتی موجود است.
[نهفتن]
ن • ب • و
انواع میوه
انواع میوه
فندقه • توتان • Capsule • Caryopsis • آلوییان • Follicle • نارنگیان (مرکبات) • لوبیاییان (حبوبات) • Loment • آجیل • سیبیان • Samara • Schizocarp • Silique • انجیریان
رده‌بندی میوه‌ها
Accessory fruit • Simple fruit • Aggregate or compound fruit • Multiple fruit • Dehiscent fruit
کارکرد
Diaspore • Drift fruit
رده‌های صفحه: ریخت‌شناسی گیاهگیاهانمیوه‌هامیوه‌های هسته‌دار
قس عربی
العَوزَة أو العنبة أو اللبیة (بالإنکلیزیة: True berry) فی علم النبات هی نمط من أنماط الثمرة، وهی ثمرة بسیطة تحوی بذورًا بداخلها. من أمثلتها البندورة والعنب والکیوی والبابایا والکاکی والجوافه والباذنجان. العوزة ثمرة لحمیة تنتج من مبیض واحد أو عدة مبایض (مثل حالة البندورة والرمان) وتکون قشرتها الخارجیة رقیقة.
[عدل]طالع أیضًا

هناک المزید من الصور والملفات فی ویکیمیدیا کومنز حول: عوزة
قائمة الفواکه
الحسلة
[عدل]ملاحظات

[عدل]وصلات خارجیة

The National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens – Description of berries
Encarta.msn.com – Differentiation between true berries, pepos, and hesperidia
United States National Berry Crops Initiative
Berry Health Benefits Network – Scientists working on the health properties of berries
هذه بذرة مقالة عن علم النبات تحتاج للنمو والتحسین، فساهم فی إثرائها بالمشارکة فی تحریرها.
[أخف] ع · ن · تأنماط الثمرة
أنماط الثمرة
بُرّة · بندقة · ثمرة تفاحیة · ثمرة قرعیة · ثمرة لیمونیة · جرابیة · جناحیة · حسلة · خردلة · علبة · عوزة · عوزة کاذبة · فقیرة · قرظة · قرن
أصناف الثمرة
ثمرة بسیطة · ثمرة متکدسة · ثمرة مرکبة · ثمرة ملحقة · ثمرة منفتقة
وظائف ثمریة
بویغة · ثمرة منجرفة
تصنیفان: علم النباتأنماط الثمرة
قس انگلیسیThe botanical definition of a berry is a fleshy fruit produced from a single ovary. Grapes are an example. The berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit in which the entire ovary wall ripens into an edible pericarp. They may have one or more carpels with a thin covering and fleshy interiors. The seeds are usually embedded in the flesh of the ovary. A plant that bears berries is said to be bacciferous. Many species of plants produce fruit that are similar to berries, but not actually berries, and these are said to be baccate.
In everyday English, "berry" is a term for any small edible fruit. These "berries" are usually juicy, round or semi-oblong, brightly coloured, sweet or sour, and do not have a stone or pit, although many seeds may be present.
Many berries, such as the tomato, are edible, but others in the same family, such as the fruits of the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and the fruits of the potato (Solanum tuberosum) are poisonous to humans. Some berries, such as Capsicum, have space rather than pulp around their seeds.
Contents [hide]
1 Botanical berries
1.1 Modified berries
2 Not a botanical berry
2.1 Drupes
2.2 Pomes
2.3 Aggregate fruits
2.4 Multiple fruits
2.5 Accessory fruits
3 Color and potential health benefits
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Further reading
7 External links
[edit]Botanical berries



Several types of common "berries" are shown, only one of which (the blueberry) is a berry by botanical definition. Blackberries are aggregate fruit composed of many drupelets, and strawberries are aggregate accessory fruit.
In botanical language, a berry is a simple fruit having seeds and pulp produced from a single ovary; the ovary can be inferior or superior.
Examples of botanical berries include:
Avocado (Persea americana) a one-seeded berry
Banana
Barberry (Berberis; Berberidaceae)
Bearberry (Arctostaphylos spp.)
Blueberry
Coffee berries
Cranberry
Crowberry (Empetrum spp.)
Currant (Ribes spp.; Grossulariaceae), red, black, and white types
Elderberry (Sambucus niger; Caprifoliaceae)
Gooseberry (Ribes spp.; Grossulariaceae)
Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica)
Grape, Vitis vinifera
Honeysuckle: the berries of some species are edible and are called honeyberries, but others are poisonous (Lonicera spp.; Caprifoliaceae)
Cowberry/Lingonberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Persimmon
Mayapple (Podophyllum spp.; Berberidaceae)
Nannyberry or sheepberry (Viburnum spp.; Caprifoliaceae)
Oregon-grape (Mahonia aquifolium; Berberidaceae)
Pumpkin
Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), not to be confused with the actual strawberry (Fragaria)
Tomato and other species of the family Solanaceae
Watermelon
Wolfberry
[edit]Modified berries
The fruit of citrus, such as the orange, kumquat and lemon, is a berry with a thick rind and a very juicy interior that is given the special name hesperidium.
Berries which develop from an inferior ovary are sometimes termed epigynous berries or false berries, as opposed to true berries which develop from a superior ovary. In epigynous berries, the berry includes tissue derived from parts of the flower besides the ovary. The floral tube, formed from the basal part of the sepals, petals and stamens can become fleshy at maturity and is united with the ovary to form the fruit. Common fruits that are sometimes classified as epigynous berries include bananas, coffee, members of the genus Vaccinium (e.g., cranberries and blueberries), and members of the family Cucurbitaceae (e.g., cucumbers, melons and squash).[1]
Another specialized term is also used for Cucurbitaceae fruits, which are modified to have a hard outer rind, and are given the special name pepo. While pepos are most common in the Cucurbitaceae, the fruits of Passiflora and Carica are sometimes also considered pepos.[2]
[edit]Not a botanical berry

Many fruits commonly referred to as berries are not actual berries by the scientific definition, but fall into one of these categories:
[edit]Drupes
Drupes are fleshy fruits produced from a (usually) single-seeded ovary with a hard stony layer (called the endocarp) surrounding the seed.
Olive
Plum
Peach
Cherry
Hackberry (Celtis spp.; Cannabaceae)
Bayberry
Other drupe-like fruits with a single seed, that lack the stony endocarp include:
Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides; Elaeagnaceae) An achene surrounded by the hypanthium, which provides the fleshy layer
[edit]Pomes
The pome fruits produced by plants in subtribe Pyrinae of family Rosaceae, such as apples and pears, have a structure (the core) that clearly separates the seeds from the ovary tissue. However, some of the smaller pomes are sometimes referred to as berries. Bright red haws from Crataegus are sometimes called hawberries. Amelanchier pomes become so soft at maturity that they resemble a blueberry and are known as Juneberries or Saskatoon berries.
[edit]Aggregate fruits


Alaska wild "berries" from the Innoko National Wildlife Refuge, a mixture of true berries and aggregate fruits
Aggregate fruits contain seeds from different ovaries of a single flower. Examples include blackberry and raspberry.
[edit]Multiple fruits
Multiple fruits include the fruits of multiple flowers that are merged or packed closely together. The mulberry is a berry-like example of a multiple fruit; it develops from a cluster of tiny separate flowers that become compressed as they develop into fruit.[3]
[edit]Accessory fruits
In accessory fruits, the edible part is not generated by the ovary. Berry-like examples include:
Strawberry - the aggregate of seed-like achenes is actually the "fruit", derived from an aggregate of ovaries, and the fleshy part develops from the receptacle.
Gurbir, Duchesnea indica - structured just like a strawberry
Sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera; Polygonaceae) - the fruit is a dry capsule surrounded by fleshy calyx
Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) - the fruit is a dry capsule surrounded by fleshy calyx
[edit]Color and potential health benefits



Example of color contrast in these (mostly inedible) wild berries
By contrasting in color with their background, berries are more attractive to animals that eat them, and they therefore aid in the dispersal of the plants' seeds.
Berry colors are due to natural plant pigments, many of which are polyphenols, such as the flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins, localized mainly in berry skins and seeds. Berry pigments are usually antioxidants in vitro and thus have oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) that is high among plant foods.[4] Together with good nutrient content, ORAC derived in the laboratory distinguishes several berries within a new category of functional foods called "superfruits". However, there is no physiological evidence established to date that berry polyphenols have actual antioxidant value within the human body, and it remains invalid to claim polyphenols have antioxidant health value on product labels in the United States and Europe.[5][6]
[edit]See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Berries
List of culinary fruits
List of inedible fruits
Accessory fruit
Aggregate fruit
Multiple fruit
Drupe
Wheatberry
[edit]Notes

^ Gupta, P.K.. Genetics Classical To Modern. Rastogi Publications. ISBN 978-81-7133-896-2.
^ A Systematic Treatment of Fruit Types
^ The American heritage science dictionary, Google Books
^ Wu X, Beecher GR, Holden JM, Haytowitz DB, Gebhardt SE, Prior RL (June 2004). "Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of common foods in the United States". J. Agric. Food Chem. 52 (12): 4026–37. DOI:10.1021/jf049696w. PMID 15186133.
^ Guidance for Industry, Food Labeling; Nutrient Content Claims; Definition for "High Potency" and Definition for "Antioxidant" for Use in Nutrient Content Claims for Dietary Supplements and Conventional Foods U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, June 2008
^ EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)2, 3 (2010). "Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature aging, antioxidant activity, antioxidant content and antioxidant properties, and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061" (PDF). EFSA Journal (Parma, Italy: European Food Safety Authority) 8 (2): 1489. DOI:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1489.
[edit]Further reading

Bowling, B.L. (2005). The Berry Grower’s Companion. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-826-9
[edit]External links

The National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens – Description of berries
Encarta.msn.com (Archived 2009-10-31) – Differentiation between true berries, pepos, and hesperidia
United States National Berry Crops Initiative
Berry Health Benefits Network – Scientists working on the health properties of berries
[hide] v t e
Types of fruits
Types of fruits
Achene · Berry · Capsule · Caryopsis · Drupe · Follicle · Hesperidium · Legume · Loment · Nut · Pome · Samara · Schizocarp · Silique · Syconium
Categories of fruits
Accessory fruit · Simple fruit · Compound fruit · Aggregate fruit · Multiple fruit · Dehiscent fruit
Function
Diaspore · Drift fruit
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Categories: BerriesFruit morphology
قس هلندی
Een bes of besvrucht is een vlezige vrucht. Bessen kunnen verschillend van vorm zijn, van rond tot langwerpig. De vruchtwand (het exocarp) van een bes kan dun (rode bes, druif) of dik (meloen) zijn. De zaden zijn ingebed in het vruchtvlees (het mesocarp). De bes kan eenhokkig of meerhokkig zijn.
Veel bessen zijn klein en sappig met een heldere kleur waardoor ze goed afsteken en beter gezien worden door vogels en andere dieren. De planten die bessen produceren zijn namelijk voor hun verspreiding afhankelijk van dieren. Bij sommige planten kiemen de zaden alleen als ze door een spijsverteringsorgaan gegaan zijn, waardoor de zaadhuid onder invloed van de spijsverteringssappen en microbiële inwerking doordringbaar wordt voor water.
De mens heeft voor zijn voedselproductie op steeds grotere bessen geselecteerd, zoals de vleestomaat, terwijl de wilde soorten veel kleinere bessen hebben.
Bessensoorten die gebruikt kunnen worden om vruchtensap van te maken, zijn bijvoorbeeld:
aalbes
zwarte bes
bosbes
blauwe bes
cranberry
[bewerken]Zie ook

Noot (botanisch)
Zie de categorie Berries van Wikimedia Commons voor meer mediabestanden.
Categorie: Vrucht
قس آلمانی
Eine Beere ist eine aus einem einzigen Fruchtknoten hervorgegangene Schließfrucht, bei der die komplette Fruchtwand (Perikarp) auch noch bei der Reife saftig oder mindestens fleischig ist. Die Beere ist oft rundlich und kräftig gefärbt. Meist ist sie vielsamig, enthält also mehr als einen Samen.
Ist die Außenschicht hart, wie etwa beim Kürbis oder bei Gurken, so spricht man auch von einer Panzerbeere. Besitzt die Blüte mehrere Fruchtknoten, von denen jeder eine beerenartige Frucht ausbildet, so entsteht eine Sammelbeere.
Zu den Beeren zählen unter anderem Bananen, Zitrusfrüchte (Zitrone, Orange), Datteln, Melonen, Kiwis, Papayas, die Früchte vieler Nachtschattengewächse (Paprika, Tomate, Tamarillo, Kartoffelbeere, Aubergine, Schwarzer Nachtschatten, Bittersüßer Nachtschatten, Tollkirsche) und Avocados.[1][2]
Keine Beeren sind:
Erdbeere, eine Sammelnussfrucht
Himbeere und Brombeere sind Sammelsteinfrüchte
Boysenbeere und Loganbeere sind Kreuzungen aus Himbeere und Brombeere
Holunderbeere, eine Steinfrucht
Vogelbeere, eine Apfelfrucht
Wacholderbeeren sind Zapfen
Einzelnachweise [Bearbeiten]

↑ Hans-Dieter Belitz, Werner Grosch, Peter Schieberle: Lehrbuch der Lebensmittelchemie. 5. vollständig überarbeitete Auflage. Springer-Verlag, Berlin u. a. 2001, ISBN 3-540-41096-1, S. 792–793.
↑ Alfred Täufel, Waldemar Ternes, Liselotte Tunger, Martin Zobel: Lebensmittel-Lexikon. 4. umfassend überarbeitete Auflage. Behr Verlag, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-89947-165-2.
Weblinks [Bearbeiten]

Wiktionary: Beere – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen
Commons: Berry – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
Einzelnachweise [Bearbeiten]


Einklappen
Früchte
Streufrüchte: Balgfrucht | Hülsenfrucht | Kapselfrucht | Schote

Schließfrüchte: Beere | Nussfrucht | Karyopse | Achäne | Steinfrucht

Zerfallfrüchte: Spaltfrucht | Bruchfrucht | Klausenfrucht

Sammelfrüchte: Apfelfrucht | Sammelbalgfrucht | Sammelbeere | Sammelnussfrucht | Sammelsteinfrucht

Fruchtverbände: Beerenfruchtverband | Nussfruchtverband | Steinfruchtverband

Kategorien: FruchtObst
قس فرانسه
Une baie, en botanique, est un type de fruit charnu, en général indéhiscent et contenant une ou plusieurs graines, les pépins. Le péricarpe de la baie est composé de l'extérieur vers l'intérieur par un épicarpe très fin, un mésocarpe charnu (appelé sarcocarpe) et d'un endocarpe charnu, ce qui la différencie de la drupe chez laquelle l'endocarpe est sclérifié (cerise, pêche, noix de coco).

Exemples de baies : raisin, tomate, orange, citron, myrtille, airelle (baies provenant d'ovaires à plusieurs ovules), banane, poivre, arum, datte, avocat (la datte et l'avocat sont bien des baies car leur péricarpe est entièrement charnu, le « noyau » est du point de vue botanique un pépin très dur), etc.

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Types de fruits botaniques
Fruits secs Akène · Capsule · Caryopse · Follicule · Gousse · Nucule · Pyxide · Samare · Schizocarpe · Silique
Fruits charnus Baie · Hespéride · Cabosse · Cynorrhodon · Drupe · Péponide · Piridion
Portail de la botanique
Catégorie : Fruit botanique