دراویدی قوم دراویدی ها

دراویدی به مردمان بومی شبه‌قاره هند گفته می‌شود. آنان به زبان‌های متعددی سخن می‌گویند که همگی در یک خانوادهٔ زبانی دراویدی قرار دارند. زبان تامیل مهمترین این زبان‌هاست.

امروزه مردمی که به این نژاد تعلق دارند حدود یک‌چهارم جمعیت هند را تشکیل می‌دهند و اکثراً در جنوب هندوستان زندگی می‌کنند. سریلانکا، پاکستان، نپال و مالدیو کشورهای دیگری هستند که دراویدی‌ها در آن‌جا اقلیت قابل ملاحظه‌ای را شکل می‌دهند. البته پس از مهاجرت آریائیان در حدود سه تا چهار هزار سال پیش به شبه قاره هند، رفته رفته در بخش‌های بزرگی از هندوستان آمیزش گسترده‌ای میان آریائیان روشن‌پوست و دراویدیان تیره‌پوست صورت گرفت و امروزه بیشتر هندیان از تبار آمیخته این دو نژاد هستند.

دراویدیان حدود شش هزار سال پیش از سوی شمال به شبه‌قاره هند وارد شده بودند. پیش از حرکت به سوی جنوب، یک شاخه از آنها به سوی غرب کوچیدند. تیرهٔ براهویی ساکن در بلوچستان پاکستان و ایران، از تبار همین شاخه از دراویدیان است.

زبان براهویی امروزه نیز در برخی مناطق بلوچستان ایران و پاکستان صحبت می‌شود. در ایران از مردم شهرستان خاش می‌توان نام‌برد که با تیرهٔ براهویی آمیختگی نژادی دارند.

فرضیاتی هم در مورد ارتباط زبان‌های دراویدی با زبان عیلامی مطرح شده‌است. وجود یک زبان مشترک که زبان‌های دراویدی و ایلامی از آن منشعب شده‌اند، به معنای نیای مشترک ساکنان بومی ایران و هندوستان پیش از ورود آریائیان به این سرزمین است.[۱]

پانویس‌ها [ویرایش]

↑ McAlpin, David W., Proto Elamo Dravidian: The Evidence and Its Implications, American Philosophy Society, 1981
رده‌های صفحه: اقوام هند دراویدی‌ها

قس عربی

السلالة الدرفیدیة (Dravidian type) أو العنصر الدرفیدی ینتشر فی الهند وسریلانکا وبنغلادیش وسلطنة عمان وجنوب باکستان.[1] [2] [3]
یعد عنصر الدرفید فرع من أو نوع من أنواع الأسترالیود الأکثر أنتشاراً.
محتویات [اعرض]
[عدل]التاریخ

یرى العلماء أن العنصر الدرفیدی نتج عن امتزاج واختلاط قدیم بین العنصر الأبیض (الأوسطی الذی کان یوجد فی العراق) مع عنصر الفیدید (الإسترالیود) فکان العنصر الناتج حنطی مسود ویزداد السواد خاصة کلما إتجهنا جنوب الهند بینما کلما إتجها شمالا کلما کان أقل سوادا وحنطیة إلى أن یصل إلى البایض التام فی شمال الهند وباکستان. الدرافیدیین کانت لهم علاقة قدیمة بالخلیج والجزیرة وبالسومریین جنوب العراق وهناک من العلماء من یقول أن أصول الدرفید هی جنوب العراق فی عصور ما قبل التاریخ ومنها انتقلوا إلى الهند وإلى عُمان قبل 8000 سنة. وبعضهم یضع اللغة السومریة ضمن اللغات الدرفیدیة, والعلاقة التجاریة بین الدرفید الهنود والسومریین ثم من بعدهم العرب بقیت إلى فترة متأخرة خاصة بین حضارة وادی السند ومینائها کراتشی وکذلک الهند ومیناء بوبی التی یتاجر معها العرب إلى العصر الحدیث. ویرى علماء الأنثروبولوجیا (علماء الأجناس البشریة) أن شوارع ومدن دول الخلیج ملیئة بالدرفید من العمالة الآسیویة وذلک بحکم موقعهم الجغرافی المجاور للجزیرة العربیة, ومن القدم هاجر الکثیر من الدرافیدیین إلى الجزیرة العربیة خاصة السواحل وفی دراسة لبعض الأمراض الوراثیة وجدت تلک الأمراض فی مناطق معینة من وسط الهند وبین بعض سکان سواحل الخلیج وهذا یدل على وجود علاقة قدیمة حیث استقر بعض الراحلة أو التجار الدرفید فی منطقة الخلیج وذابوا فی سکانها أو تزاوج بعض العرب معهم منذ القدم بحکم الصلات التجاریة بینهم. فی البحرین والشرقیة من المملکة العربیة السعودیة توجد نسبة ملحوظة من الدرفید وکذلک جنوب العراق. وبالنسبة لجنوب الجزیرة فیوجد فیها بنسب ملحوظة بمدینة مسقط وهی أکثر منطقة یترکز فیها الدرفید ولکن تأثیر الدرفید الثقافی والمعماری والعرقی موجود فی أغلب مدن سواحل الجنوب سوى فی الیمن أو عمان. وکذلک التأثیر اللغوی حیث أن لهجة حضر الخلیج بها تأثیر درفیدی وفارسی وأوردی.
[عدل]السومریون

فی العشرینات قامت بعثة بریطانیة بفحص مجموعة من القبور وقیاس بقایا الجماجم والعظام ترجع إلى الفترة العبیدیة بین 3500ق.م -5300ق.م فی اور وکیش وتبین ان أکثر مائة هیکل عظمی تم دراسته وفحصة یعود إلى مجموعة الفیدید (الأسترالیود) باستثناء هیکلیین عظمین اثنین یرجعان إلى العنصر الاوسطی.[2]
یعتقد العلماء ان السومریین ینتمون بالأصل لمجموعة الفیدید (الأسترالیود) أختلطوا بالعنصر الاوسطی الذی کان یسکن بلاد الرافدین فتکون العنصر الدرفیدی. ثم أختلط قسم منهم مع مجموعة الأرمنوید القادمة من إیران.[2]
[عدل]الصفات الجسدیة

اکتسب طول القامة والبنیة الجسمانیة والبشرة الأقل سوداً والشعر الکثیف من العنصر الأبیض الأوسطی بمرور الزمن والرأس العریض والأنف السمین من عنصر الأرمنوید.
البشرة: سوداء أو حنطیة متفاوتة السمار
الرأس: دائری الرأس وبیضاوی الوجه أو مستدیر وکبیر الرأس
الشعر: دهنی اللون وناعم أملس.
الجسم: نحیل البنیة وقصیر أو متوسط القامة.
الأنف: معکوف أو سمین أو مستقیم الأنف (منحنی عند نهایته أو مرتفع عند نهایته).
الفم: صغیر الفم والفک السفلی.
الأذن: کبیرة واسعة، وهی أهم العلامات الممیزة بهذه العنصر.
[عدل]مصادر

^ The Races Of Europe - Iran and Iraq
↑ أ ب ت [1] The Neolithic Invasions / Iran and Iraq
^ تسمیات اخرى تطلق على هذه العنصر (یورافریکان Eurafrican, السومری, الهندی, الفیدیدی الجنوبی).

[أخف] ع · ن · تالسلالات والعناصر البشریة فی الشرق الأوسط
السلالة الأرمنیة · السلالة الفیدیدیة · السلالة الإیرانیة الأفغانیة · السلالة الدرفیدیة · السلالة المتوسطیة الشرقیة · السلالة الألبیة · السلالة الأوسطیة
تصنیف: علم الإنسان

قس پنجابی

ہندستان تے 2500 سال قبل مسیح دے نیڑے آریا لوکاں نے حملہ کیتا ۔ اس وقت شمالی ہندستان چ دراوڑ ناں دی نسل دے لوک آباد سن ۔ آریاواں نے اینہاں نوں مار کٹ کے جنوب ول دھکیل دتا ، تے ایہہ لوک ایتھے آباد ہوگئے ۔ دراوڑ بہت سارے قبیلیاں چ منقسم سن ، ہر اک دی اپنی بولی سی پر بنیاد مشترک سی ۔
دراوڑ اپنے زمانے دیاں مہذب قوماں چ شمار ہندے سن ، اوہناں تقریبا 4 ہزار قبل مسیح چ زمین توں کنک ، جو ، کپاہ تے گنا اگان تے روئی (روں) توں کپڑا تیار کرن دا راز معلوم کرلئیا سی ، جدوں کہ اس وقت یونان ، سمیریا تے روم دے لوک سوتی پارچہ بافی توں قطعا ناواقف سن ۔ ایہہ لوک تانبے تے کانسی دے اوزار بناندے سن ، لوہے دا استعمال اینہاں نے آریا لوکاں توں سکھیا ۔ آریاواں نے لنگ پوجا ، دھرتی پوجا ،بھوت پریت تے خبیث روحاں دا تصور اینہاں توں ای لئیا تے اینہاں دے بہت سارے دیوی دیوتاواں نوں اپنا لئیا ۔ مورخین دے مطابق کرشن جی وی دراوڑ ای سی کیونجے اسنوں سیاہ فام دسیا گئیا اے ،جدوں کہ آریا سفید فام سن ۔

دراوڑی تمدن کوہستان شوالک توں دریائے تاپتی تے دریائے نربدا تک تے کوئٹہ توں بیکانیر تے کاٹھیا واڑ تک پھیلیا ہوئیا سی ، اسنوں ہڑپائی تہذیب(ہڑپائی رہتل) وی آکھیا جاندا اے کیونکہ اس دے دو مرکزی شہراں چ موہن جو داڑو دے علاوہ ہڑپہ وی سی ۔ بعض علماء آثار قدیمہ نے دراوڑی تمدن دے زمانے دا تعین 2500 ق م تے بعض نے 1750-3250 ق م دے وچکار کیتا اے ، گویا دراوڑی تمدن مصر تے سمیریا داہم،عصرسی۔
گٹھیاں: تریخہندستانپاکستان دی تریخہندستان دی تریخلوکبرصغیرایشیاپاکستان

قس اردو

2500 قبل مسیح کے قریب ہندوستان پر آریہ نسل کے لوگوں نے حملہ کیا۔ اس وقت شمالی ہندوستان میں وقت دراوڑ نامی نسل کے لوگ آباد تھے۔ آریاؤں نے ان کو جنوب کی جانب دھکیل دیا اور انھوں نے وہاں اپنی بستیاں بسا لیں۔ یہ لوگ بہت سے قبائل میں منقسم ہیں۔ ہر ایک کی اپنی اپنی زبان ہے۔ لیکن بنیاد مشترک ہے۔
دراوڑ اپنے زمانے کی مہذب اقوام میں شمار ہوتے تھے۔ انھوں نے تقریباً چھ ہزار سال قبل مسیح زمین سے گیہوں، جو، کپاس اور گنا اگانے اور روئی سے دھاگا بنا کر کپڑا تیار کرنے کا راز معلوم کر لیا تھا۔ جب کہ یونان، سمیریا اور روم کے لوگ سوتی پارچہ بافی سے قطعاً نا آشنا تھے۔ یہ لوگ تانبے اور کانسی کے اوزار بناتے تھے۔ لوہے کا استعمال انھوں نے آریاؤں سے سیکھا۔ آریاؤں نے لنگ پوجا، دھرتی پوجا، بھوت پریت، اور خبیث ارواح کا تصور انھی سے لیا اور ان کے بہت سے دیوی دیوتاؤں کو اپنا لیا۔ مورخین کے بموجب کرشن جی بھی دراوڑ ہی تھے۔ کیونکہ ان کو سیاہ فام بتایا گیا ہے۔ جب کہ آریا سفید فام تھے۔
دراوڑی تمدن کوہستان شوالک سے دریائے تاپتی اور نربدا تک، اور کوئٹہ سے بیکانیر اور کاٹھیا واڑ تک پھیلا ہوا تھا۔ اسے ہڑپائی تمدن بھی کہتے ہیں کیونکہ اس کے دو مرکزی شہروں میں موہنجو دڑو کے علاوہ ہڑپہ بھی تھا۔ بعض علما آثار قدیمہ نے دراوڑی تمدن کے زمانے کا تعین 2500 ق م اور بعض نے 3250 ۔۔۔1750 ق م کیا ہے۔ گویا دراوڑی تمدن مصر اور سمیریا کا ہمعصر تھا۔
زمرہ جات: دراوڑ اقوامنسلی گروہتاریخ پاکستانتاریخ ہندوستانتاریخ عالمدراوڑ

قس انگلیسی

Dravidian people or peoples or is a term used to refer to the diverse groups of people who natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. Populations of speakers of around 220 million are found mostly in Southern India. Other Dravidian people are found in parts of central India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Nepal. The most populous Dravidian people are the Telugus, Tamils, Kannadigas, and the Malayalis. Smaller Dravidian communities with 1–5 million speakers are the Tuluvas, Gonds and Brahui.
Contents [show]
[edit]Classification

There are two definitions for Dravidian ethnicity which are generally divided between proposing that Dravidian people are an ethnic group in their own right, or Dravidian peoples are a collective group of ethnolinguistic ethnicities. The World Book encyclopedia, Volume 10 says: "Most southern Indians belong to the Dravidian ethnic group;" referring to them as one ethnic group,[1] while the The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Volume 8; Volume 21 refers to 'Dravidian ethnic groups', suggesting the latter definition.[2] Hence, depending on the definition and context, both 'Dravidian people' and 'Dravidian peoples' may be used.
[edit]Etymology

The English word Dravidian was first employed by Robert Caldwell in his book of comparative Dravidian grammar based on the usage of the Sanskrit word drāvida in the work Tantravārttika by Kumārila Bhaṭṭa.[3] For the origin of the Sanskrit word drāviḍa, various theories have been proposed. These theories concern the direction of derivation between tamiẓ and drāviḍa; such linguists as Zvelebil assert that the direction is from tamiẓ to drāviḍa.[4]
[edit]Origins

Main articles: Proto-Dravidian, Dravidian homeland, Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit, and Elamo-Dravidian languages
Although in modern times speakers of the various Dravidian languages have mainly occupied the southern portion of India, nothing definite is known about the ancient domain of the Dravidian parent speech. It is, however, a well-established and well-supported hypothesis that Dravidian speakers must have been widespread throughout India, including the northwest region.[5] Origins of Dravidian people are informed by various theories proposed by linguists, anthropologists, geneticist and historians. According to geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza in the book The History and Geography of Human Genes, the Dravidians were preceded in the subcontinent by an Austro-Asiatic people, and were followed by Indo-European-speaking migrants sometime later.
Most linguists believe that Dravidian-speaking people were spread throughout the Indian subcontinent before a series of Indo-Aryan migrations. In this view, the early Indus Valley civilization (Harappa and Mohenjo Daro) is often identified as having been Dravidian.[6] Cultural and linguistic similarities have been cited by researchers such as Finnish Indologist Asko Parpola as being strong evidence for a proto-Dravidian origin of the ancient Indus Valley civilization.
Some scholars like J. Bloch and M. Witzel believe that the Indo-Aryan moved into an already Dravidian speaking area after the oldest parts of the Rig Veda were already composed.[7] The Brahui population of Balochistan has been taken by some as the linguistic equivalent of a relict population, perhaps indicating that Dravidian languages were formerly much more widespread and were supplanted by the incoming Indo-Aryan languages.[8]
Thomason and Kaufman state that there is strong evidence that Dravidian influenced Indic through "shift", that is, native Dravidian speakers learning and adopting Indic languages.[9] Erdosy states that the most plausible explanation for the presence of Dravidian structural features in Old Indo-Aryan is that the majority of early Old Indo-Aryan speakers had a Dravidian mother tongue which they gradually abandoned.[10] Even though the innovative traits in Indic could be explained by multiple internal explanations, early Dravidian influence is the only explanation that can account for all of the innovations at once – it becomes a question of explanatory parsimony; moreover, early Dravidian influence accounts for several of the innovative traits in Indic better than any internal explanation that has been proposed.[11] Zvelebil remarks that "Several scholars have demonstrated that pre-Indo-Aryan and pre-Dravidian bilingualism in India provided conditions for the far-reaching influence of Dravidian on the Indo-Aryan tongues in the spheres of phonology, syntax and vocabulary".[12]
[edit]Genetic anthropology

Main article: Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia
Genetic views on race differ in their classification of Dravidians. Classical anthropologists, such as Carleton S. Coon in his 1939 work The Races of Europe, argued that Ethiopia in Northeast Africa and India in South Asia represented the outermost peripheries of the Caucasoid race. In the 1960s, genetic anthropologist Stanley Marion Garn considered the entirety of the Indian subcontinent to be a "race" genetically distinct from other populations.[13][14] The geneticist L.L. Cavalli-Sforza of Stanford, based on work done in the 1980s, classified Indians as being genetically Caucasian. Cavalli-Sforza found that Indians are about three times closer to West Europeans than to East Asians.[13] More recently, other geneticists, such as Lynn B. Jorde and Stephen P. Wooding, demonstrated that South Indians are genetic intermediaries between Europeans and East Asians.[15][16][17] Nevertheless, Indians are classified by modern anthropologists as belonging to one of four different morphological or ethno-racial subtypes, although these generally overlap because of admixture: Caucasoid and Mongoloid (concentrated in the north), Australoid (concentrated in the south), and Negrito (located in the Andaman Islands).[18][19] Dravidians are generally classified as members of the Proto-Australoid or Australoid race. [20][21][22] In one study, southern Indian Dravidians clustered genetically with Tamils, a socially endogamous, predominantly Dravidian-speaking Australoid group.[23]
While a number of earlier anthropologists held the view that the Dravidian peoples together were a distinct race, a small number of genetic studies based on uniparental markers have challenged this view. Some researchers have indicated that both Dravidian and Indo-Aryan speakers are indigenous to the Indian subcontinent; however, this point of view is rejected by most researchers in favor of Indo-Aryan migration, with racial stratification among Indian populations being distributed along caste lines.[24][25][26][27]
Because of admixture between Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Australoid racial groups, one cannot speak of a biologically separate "Dravidian race" distinct from non-Dravidians on the Indian subcontinent. However, northern Indians have more in common genetically with Central Asian/West Eurasian populations than southern Indian or Dravidian populations, who are more similar to East Asians, further demonstrating that there still exist significant genetic differences between Indo-European- and Dravidian-speaking populations.[28]
In a 2009 study of 132 individuals, 560,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 25 different Indian groups were analyzed, providing strong evidence in support of the notion that modern Indians (both Indo-Aryan and Dravidian groups) are a hybrid population descending from two post-Neolithic, genetically divergent populations referred to as the 'Ancestral North Indians' and the 'Ancestral South Indians'. According to the study, Andamanese are an ASI-related group without ANI ancestry, showing that the peopling of the islands must have occurred before ANI-ASI gene flow on the mainland. [29] ANI-ASI admixture happened some 1,200-3,500 years ago, which roughly coincides with the Indo-Aryan conquest of the Indian subcontinent.[30][full citation needed]
[edit]Language

Main article: Dravidian languages
The best-known Dravidian languages are Tamil (தமிழ்), Telugu (తెలుగు), Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ) and Malayalam (മലയാളം). There are three subgroups within the Dravidian language family: North Dravidian, Central Dravidian, and South Dravidian, matching for the most part the corresponding regions in the Indian subcontinent.
Dravidian languages are spoken by more than 200 million people. They appear to be unrelated to languages of other known families like Indo-European, specifically Indo-Aryan, which is the other common language family on the Indian subcontinent.
Dravidian grammatical impact on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is considered far greater than the Indo-Aryan grammatical impact on Dravidian. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on a Dravidian substratum.[31]
[edit]List of Dravidian peoples

Brahui people: People belonging to the north-Dravidian subgroup, mostly found in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.
Gond people: A prominent group of Dravidian-speaking tribal people inhabiting the central region of India.
Kannadigaru: People belonging to the south-Dravidian subgroup. Mostly found in Karnataka and parts of northern Kerala and parts of southern Maharashtra. A minority group is found in Arab states of the Persian Gulf, United States, United Kingdom, Canada.
Khonds/Kondha: Tribal people who speak the Dravidian Kui language. Mostly found in the eastern Indian states of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.
Kodavas : People belonging to the south-Dravidian subgroup, found in Karnataka and parts of northern Kerala who speak the Kodava language.
Kurukh: People belonging to the north-Dravidian subgroup. Found in India and Bangladesh. It is the only Dravidian language indigenous in Bangladesh.
Malayali: These people belong to south-Dravidian linguistic subgroup. Mostly found in Kerala, Lakshadweep, Pondicherry, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India. A minority group is found in Arab states of the Persian Gulf, United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Malaysia and Australia.
Tamil: These people belong to south-Dravidian linguistic subgroup. Mostly found in Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Singapore, Andaman and Nicobar, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and parts of Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and South Africa. A minority group is found in Arab states of the Persian Gulf, United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
Telugus: These people belong to south-Dravidian subgroup (formerly classified with the Central Dravidian but now more specifically in the South Dravidian II or South Central Dravidian inner branch of the South Dravidian.[32] Mostly found in Andhra Pradesh also in Orissa, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka and also in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Singapore and United States.
Tuluvas: People belonging to the south Dravidian subgroup, found in coastal Karnataka and northern Kerala, alternatively named Tulu Nadu.
[edit]See also

Dravidian languages
Racial groups of India
Dravidian University (dedicated to research and learning of Dravidian languages)
South India
[edit]References

^ The World Book encyclopedia: Volume 10. World Book Inc.. pp. 11. ISBN 978-0-7166-0094-7.
^ The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Volume 8; Volume 21. 1998. pp. 13.
^ Zvelebil 1990, p. xx
^ Zvelebil 1990, p. xxi
^ "Dravidian languages." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 June 2008
^ Stone celts in Harappa
^ Bryant, Edwin (2001). "Linguistic Substrata in Sanskrit Texts". The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 76–107. ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4.
^ Mallory 1989[page needed]
^ Thomason & Kaufman 1988[page needed]
^ Erdosy 1995, p. 18
^ Thomason & Kaufman 1988, pp. 141–4
^ Dravidian languages – Britannica Online Encyclopedia[full citation needed]
^ a b Robert Jurmain, Lynn Kilgore, Wenda Trevathan, and Harry Nelson. Introduction to Physical Anthropology. 9th ed. (Canada: Thompson Learning, 2003)[page needed]
^ Garn SM. Coon. On the Number of Races of Mankind. In Garn S, editor. Readings on race. Springfield C.C. Thomas.[page needed]
^ Jorde, Lynn B; Wooding, Stephen P (2004). "Genetic variation, classification and 'race'". Nature Genetics 36 (11s): S28. DOI:10.1038/ng1435. PMID 15508000.
^ Bamshad, Michael J.; Wooding, Stephen; Watkins, W. Scott; Ostler, Christopher T.; Batzer, Mark A.; Jorde, Lynn B. (2003). "Human Population Genetic Structure and Inference of Group Membership". The American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (3): 578–89. DOI:10.1086/368061. PMC 1180234. PMID 12557124.
^ Rosenberg, Noah A.; Pritchard, Jonathan K.; Weber, James L.; Cann, Howard M.; Kidd, Kenneth K.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Feldman, Marcus W. (2002). "Genetic Structureof Human Populations". Science 298 (5602): 2381–5. Bibcode 2002Sci...298.2381R. DOI:10.1126/science.1078311. PMID 12493913.
^ Indian Genome Variation Consortium (2005). "The Indian Genome Variation database (IGVdb): A project overview". Human Genetics 118 (1): 1–11. DOI:10.1007/s00439-005-0009-9. PMID 16133172. "…All the four major morphological types—Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Australoid and Negrito are present in the Indian population (Malhotra 1978). The ‘‘Caucasoid’’ and ‘‘Mongoloid’’ populations are mainly concentrated in the north and northeastern parts of the country. The ‘‘Australoids’’ are mostly confined to the central, western and southern India, while the ‘‘Negritos’’ are restricted only to the Andaman Islands (CavalliSforza et al. 1994) (Fig. 1)."
^ Kashyap, VK; Guha, Saurav; Sitalaximi, T; Bindu, G Hima; Hasnain, Seyed E; Trivedi, R (2006). "Genetic structure of Indian populations based on fifteen autosomal microsatellite loci". BMC Genetics 7: 28. DOI:10.1186/1471-2156-7-28. PMC 1513393. PMID 16707019. "…Anthropologically, the populations are grouped into four major ethnic categories, which include the Australoid, Indo-Caucasoid, Indo-Mongoloid and Negrito populations and linguistically broadly classified as Indo-European, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan speakers."
^ Chakraborty, R.; Walter, H.; Mukherjee, B. N.; Malhotra, K. C.; Sauber, P.; Banerjee, S.; Roy, M. (1986). "Gene differentiation among ten endogamous groups of West Bengal, India". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 71 (3): 295–309. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.1330710305. PMID 3812651. "…Since in the current ethnohistoric literature the terms Caucasoid and Proto-Australoid are commonly used to indicate Indo-Aryan and Dravidian ancestry, in this paper we will use the terminology of Caucasoid for Indo-Aryan and Proto-Australoid for Dravidian interchangeably."
^ Balgir, RS (2006). "Genetic heterogeneity of population structure in 15 major scheduled tribes in central-eastern India: A study of immuno-hematological disorders". Indian Journal of Human Genetics 12 (2): 86. DOI:10.4103/0971-6866.27792. "…The tribes in Orissa, as in the whole of India, are by no means homogeneous in their history, language, culture or social organization. It may be mentioned here that the major tribes of Orissa belong to three linguistic groups, namely, Indo-Aryan or Indo-Europeans (Non-Australoid), Austro-Asiatic (Mundari) speakers (Proto-Australoid) and Dravidian (Gondi or Kuvi) speakers (Australoid). Mundari speakers (Austro-Asiatic) belong to Proto-Australoid racial group, which include Bhumiz, Gadaba, Juang, Kharia, Koda, Kolha, Mahali, Mirdha, Munda, Santal and Saora tribes. The Northern Mundari comprise of tribes such as the Bhumiz, Juang, Kharia, Kolha or Ho, Korku, Munda and Santal; and from the southern region, the Southern Mundari covering the tribes, namely, Bonda, Didayi, Gadaba, Parenga and Saora. Tribes like Bathudi, Bhatra, Binjhal, Bhuyan, Lodha and Saunti are Indo-Aryan or Indo-European speakers and belong to non-Australoid racial stock. The Dravidian (Kuvi or Gondi) speaker group belongs to Australoid racial stock and includes Gond, Kondh, Kissan oraon, Paraja and Pentia Halva tribes."
^ Sachidhanandam, M.; Singh, S. N.; Salhan, A. K.; Ray, Uday Sankar (2010). "Evaluation of plasma hormone concentrations using Enzyme-Immunoassay/Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay in healthy Indian men: Effect of ethnicity". Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 25 (2): 153. DOI:10.1007/s12291-010-0028-8. "…They belonged to the following : Rajput, Gorkha and South Indian. They represent different geographical, ecological and cultural settings of India. The Rajputs are from northwest India (Rajasthan), the Gorkhas are basically sub-mountainous people living in northern parts of India and South Indians are people from southern parts (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) of the country. Place of origin and age (i.e., date of birth) were self-reported. Based on morpholinguistic classification of the Indian population (4): Caucasoid=Indo-European (Rajputs), Mongoloid=Tibeto-Burman (Gorkhas) and Australoid=Dravidian (South Indians) subtypes."
^ Sitalaximi, T; Trivedi, R; Kashyap, VK (2003). "Microsatellite diversity among three endogamous Tamil populations suggests their origin from a separate Dravidian genetic pool". Human biology 75 (5): 673–85. DOI:10.1353/hub.2003.0079. PMID 14763604. "…Population groups inhabiting Tamil Nadu have the distinction of belonging to the Dravidian linguistic family and are predominantly of Australoid ethnicity ... In the study reported here, we attempt to verify the indigenous origin of the Dravidian linguistic group represented by three endogamous Australoid groups from Tamil Nadu as a separate genetic pool and analyze the extent of diversity and gene flow among them using autosomal microsatellite markers… The NJ dendrogram also suggests a strong association between the migrant Indian population in United Arab Emirates and Dravidian populations of India [including all 3 Tamil populations in Fig.3], which can be expected since a considerable number of the southern Indian Dravidians reside in the Emirates."
^ Cordaux, Richard; Aunger, Robert; Bentley, Gillian; Nasidze, Ivane; Sirajuddin, S.M.; Stoneking, Mark (2004). "Independent Origins of Indian Caste and Tribal Paternal Lineages". Current Biology 14 (3): 231–5. DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.024. PMID 14761656.
^ Watkins, W.s.; Thara, R.; Mowry, B.j.; Zhang, Y.; Witherspoon, D.j.; Tolpinrud, W.; Bamshad, M.j.; Tiripati, S. et al. (2008). "Genetic variation in South Indian castes: Evidence from Y-chromosome, mitochondrial, and autosomal polymorphisms". BMC Genetics 9: 86. DOI:10.1186/1471-2156-9-86. PMC 2621241. PMID 19077280.
^ Zhao, Z; Khan, F; Borkar, M; Herrera, R; Agrawal, S (2009). "Presence of three different paternal lineages among North Indians: A study of 560 Y chromosomes". Annals of Human Biology 36 (1): 46–59. DOI:10.1080/03014460802558522. PMC 2755252. PMID 19058044.
^ Majumder, Partha P. (2010). "The Human Genetic History of South Asia". Current Biology 20 (4): R184–7. DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.053. PMID 20178765. "…Historical and anthropological studies suggest that in the establishment of the caste system in India there have been varying levels of admixture between the tribal people of India and the later immigrants bringing along with them agriculture, pottery and metals from central and west Asia. In other words, castes of different ranks in the contemporary Hindu society putatively have had different degrees of admixture with immigrants into India from central and west Asia. The immigrants from central and west Asia who likely entered India through the north-western corridor, spread to most areas of northern India, but not to southern India. In other words, southern and northern India had differential inputs of genes from central and west Asia. This differential admixture is expected to have differential impacts on the genetic structures of castes of different ranks."
^ Basu, A.; Mukherjee, N; Roy, S; Sengupta, S; Banerjee, S; Chakraborty, M; Dey, B; Roy, M et al. (2003). "Ethnic India: A Genomic View, with Special Reference to Peopling and Structure". Genome Research 13 (10): 2277–90. DOI:10.1101/gr.1413403. PMC 403703. PMID 14525929.
^ Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009). "Reconstructing Indian population history". Nature 461 (7263): 489–94. DOI:10.1038/nature08365. PMC 2842210. PMID 19779445.
^ http://www.ichg2011.org/cgi-bin/ichg11s?author=Moorjani&sort=ptimes&sbutton=Detail&absno=20758&sid=603094
^ Krishnamurti 2003, pp. 40–1
^ Krishnamurti 2003, p. 19
Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77111-5.
Indian Genome Variation Consortium (2008). "Genetic landscape of the people of India: A canvas for disease gene exploration". Journal of Genetics 87 (1): 3–20. DOI:10.1007/s12041-008-0002-x. PMID 18560169.
Mallory, J. P. (1989). In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05052-1.
Thomason, Sarah Grey; Kaufman, Terrence (1988). Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05789-0.
Zvelebil, Kamil (1990). Dravidian Linguistics: An Introduction. Pondicherry: Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture. ISBN 978-81-85452-01-2.
Erdosy, George (1995). The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity. Berlin: de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5.
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Categories: Dravidian peoplesHistorical definitions of raceDravidiansPre-Indo-Europeans