بربر قوم بربر آمازیغ

بربرها یا آمازیغ‌ها گروهی قومی و بومی مناطق شمال آفریقا، به‌ویژه در مراکش و الجزایر، و تونس و لیبی هستند. بیشینهٔ ایشان مذهب اسلام، مسیحیت و یهودیت دارند.

محتویات [نمایش]
نام [ویرایش]

۱- کلمه «بربر» به معنی غیر یونانی، در میان یونانیان برای نشان دادن کسانی به کار میرفته که از سرزمین هلاس (یونان) برنخواسته و آن را نمی‌شناسند، درزیر آسمان آن چشم به دنیا نگشوده‌اند و به زبان آن سخن نمیگویند.

۲- این قوم از دوران کهن خود را آمازیغ یا آمازیغِن به معنای آزادمردان می‌نامیدند و در نزد مصریان باستان نیز به همین نام شناخته شده بودند.

در میان رومیان و یونانیان باستان رسم بود که اقوام بیگانه را بربر می‌خواندند و این واژه بیشتر رنگ و بوی خوارکننده داشته‌است. رومیان پس از گشودن کارتاژ، سرزمین‌های بربرنشین از جمله پادشاهی نومیدیا را نیز به مستعمرهٔ آفریقایی خود افزودند و این رومیان بودند که نخستین بار آمازیغ‌ها را به نام بربر خواندند. در دوران اسلامی نیز منابع تاریخی اسلامی از آمازیغ‌ها با همین نام بربر یاد کرده‌اند.

ریشه‌ها [ویرایش]

آمازیغ‌ها قومی بیابانگرد بوده‌اند که از آغاز تا کنون تحت تأثیر اقوام گوناگونی مانند مصریان، یونانیان، فنیقی‌ها و کارتاژی‌ها، رومیان، وندال‌ها، بیزانسی‌ها و اعراب قرار گرفته‌اند.

دربارهٔ ریشه‌ها و خاستگاه آغازین این قوم از دیرباز تا کنون اختلاف نظرهای فراوانی وجود داشته‌است. بسیاری از دانشمندان بربرها را اعرابی می‌دانند که در سده‌های بسیار پیش از استیلای اعراب بر مناطق شمالی آفریقا به آن حوالی کوچیده‌اند برای مثال گروهی از تاریخ‌نگاران مسلمان در سده‌های میانه ایشان را از تبار اعراب یمن دانسته و گروهی از تبارشناسان مسلمان امروزه نیز تلاش کرده‌اند تا دست کم برای برخی از قبایل بربر هم‌چون صنهاجه و یا زناته ریشهٔ عربی پیدا کنند. گروهی دیگر نیز بربرها را با مصریان، فنیقی‌ها، عمالیق و یا رومیان هم‌تبار دانسته‌اند. در دوران چیرگی کشورهای اروپایی بر شمال آفریقا نیز برخی از پژوهشگران اروپایی کوشیده‌اند برای بربرها ریشه و تبار اروپایی بیابند، اما آنچه که مشخص شده اینست که اعراب و بربرها پیوندهای خونی نزدیکی با یکدیگر دارند.

امروزه بررسی‌های باستان‌شناسی نشان می‌دهد که بربرها در شمال آفریقا دارای پیشینهٔ پنج‌هزار ساله هستند. شواهدی نیز در دست است که نشان می‌دهد بربرها با مصریان باستان در ستیز بوده‌اند، اما خاستگاه این قوم هم‌چنان ناشناخته مانده‌است.

به هر حال مردمان بربر که در سرتاسر آفریقای شمالی از آبراه سوئز در مصر تا رشته‌کوه‌های اطلس در مراکش و صحرای بزرگ آفریقا گسترش یافته‌اند، به رغم دارا بودن ویژگی‌های ظاهری و وراثتی گوناگون و یا حتی تفاوت در برخی از آداب که به سبب آمیختگی با نژادهای دیگر پدید آمده، از همگرایی فرهنگی و زبانی فراوانی برخوردارند.

پیشینه [ویرایش]

بربرها مردمانی بیابانگرد بوده‌اند، اما گروهی از ایشان پس از تماس با تمدن‌های دیگر از جمله کارتاژ به آرامی شهرنشین شدند و در سال ۲۰۱ پیش از میلاد پادشاهی نومیدیا را بنیاد کردند. بربرها هیچ‌گاه زیر بار فرمانروایی کارتاژ نرفتند، اما از رومیان شکست خوردند و مدتی هم زیر سیطرهٔ وندال‌های ژرمن قرار گرفتند.

با ورود اعراب به شمال آفریقا، قبایل مختلف بربر واکنش‌های یکسانی نشان ندادند. گروهی از ایشان با سرداران عرب هم‌چون عقبة بن نافع و حسان بن نعمان همکاری کردند و گروهی دیگر نیز دیرگاهی به مقاومت پرداختند. به هر حال بربرها پس از مسلمان شدن، نقش مهمی در ترویج دین اسلام در شمال آفریقا و اندلس داشته‌اند.

رفتار بد سردمداران اموی با بربرها سبب شد تا شورش‌های بسیاری ضد حکومت بنی امیه در شمال آفریقا روی دهد که از مهمترین آن‌ها می‌توان به شورش علیه عقبة بن نافع در خلال سال‌های ۶۶۱ تا ۶۶۳، قیام کُسَیلة بن کُمرم در سال ۶۸۸ و شورش میسرة خارجی که در سال ۷۲۸ میلادی رهبری گروهی از بربرهای طنجه را بر عهده گرفته بود، اشاره کرد.

در دورهٔ خلافت عباسی هرچند در تحرکات استقلال‌طلبانهٔ بربرها وقفه به وجود آمد، اما پس از مدتی دوباره از سر گرفته شد تا جایی که دستگاه خلافت عباسی چیرگی خود را بر آفریقای شمالی از دست داد. قیام‌های شیعیان (به رهبری ادریسیان) و نیز خوارج از مهم‌ترین خیزش‌ها علیه حاکمیت عباسیان بودند.

از این پس دودمان‌هایی که در شمال آفریقا فرمانروایی یافتند، یا مانند زیریان، حفصیان، مرینیان، مرابطان و موحدان تبار بربری داشتند و یا مانند ادریسیان از پشتیبانی گستردهٔ بربرها بهره‌مند بودند.

قبیله‌ها [ویرایش]



پراکنش بربرها در شمال آفریقا:
طوارق
زیان‌ها
ریفی‌ها
شناوی‌ها
قبایلی‌ها
شاوی‌ها
بربرهای صحرانشین (زناته، صنهاجه، مصموده، میزاب‌ها، سیوی‌ها)
شلحه
منابع تاریخی گذشته بربرها را به دو دسته و طایفهٔ اصلی و هر طایفه را به چند قبیله بخش کرده‌اند. در دستهٔ نخست قبیله‌های مصموده، صنهاجه و زناته جای گرفته‌اند و دستهٔ دوم شامل قبایل هوّاره و لواته بوده‌است.

برخی دیگر از تاریخ‌نگاران دسته‌بندی‌های دیگری را برای قبایل بربر شمرده‌اند.

از اقوام مهم کنونی بربر می‌توان طوارق را نام برد که ریشه در صنهاجه دارند.

نگارخانه [ویرایش]








جستارهای وابسته [ویرایش]

ریف
صنهاجه
آمازیغی
منابع [ویرایش]

دائرة المعارف بزرگ اسلامی (دبا). (به فارسی)
آفتاب.
دانشنامهٔ مشرق‌زمین. (به انگلیسی)
Americana Corporation, Americana, the Encyclopedia, Volume ۳, Pages ۵۳۶ - ۵۳۷, ۱۹۶۲.
این یک نوشتار خُرد است. با گسترش آن به ویکی‌پدیا کمک کنید.
در ویکی‌انبار پرونده‌هایی دربارهٔ قوم بربر موجود است.
رده‌های صفحه: تاریخ آفریقای شمالی تاریخ نومیدیا اقوام در اتحادیه عرب بربرپاپ‌های اهل آفریقاتاریخ اسلام جوامع مسلمان مردمان بربر

قس مصری

البربر أو البرابر - انجلیزى: Berbers ، فرنساوى: Berbères ، اسبانى: Bereberes ، فارسى: بربرها ، بربرى: امازیغ Amazigh ، الجمع: امازغین Imazighen) هما قبایل مختلفه بتسکن فى منطقة شمال أفریقیا من سیوه و لیبیا لغایة المغرب (مراکش) و جزر الکنارى. وتعدادهم حوالی 50 ملیون[عایز مصدر] متوزعین على قبایل فى 10 دول ومناطق أفریقیه: المغرب، الجزایر، تونس، لیبیا، موریتانیا، مالی، النیجر، بورکینافاسو، مصر (سیوه)، أسبانیا (جزر الکناری). قبایل الطوراق من قبایل البربر

[تعدیل]اللغة

جزء من البربر النهارده لسه بیتکلمو بربرى (أمازیغی) و الجزء الباقی بیتکلمو الدارجه وهی لهجات عربیه مغاربیه مخلوطه بالبربرى.

فیه فایلات فى تصانیف ویکیمیدیا کومونز عن:
بربر
الصفحه دى فیها تقاوى مقاله. و انت ممکن تساعد ویکیپیدیا مصرى علشان تکبرها.
تصانیف: عایز مصدرتقاوى

قس عبری
הבֶּרְבֵּרִים הם תושביה הקדומים ביותר של צפון אפריקה, נקראים "אימאזיע'ין" בשפה התמאזיע'ת. הם מאכלסים את האדמות שבין מדבר סהרה לים התיכון ובין מצרים לאוקיינוס האטלנטי. הברברים מהווים מרכיב משמעותי באוכלוסיות לוב, אלג'יריה ומרוקו. להוציא את שבט הטוארג, הברברים הם, מבחינה מסורתית, חוואים החיים במבנה שבטי רופף בכפרים עצמאים עם תעשיות מקומיות.
הברברים הם מוסלמים סונים ולשונותיהם הילידיות השייכות לקבוצת השפות הברבריות של משפחת השפות האפרו אסיאתיות אך רוב הברברים המשכילים דוברים ערבית, שפת אמונתם. למרות היסטוריה של כיבושים שימרו הברברים על אחידות תרבותית, תרבות שמתוארכת לפי ציורים מצריים, כקדומה לשנת 2400 לפני הספירה. עד לכיבושם בידי הערבים המוסלמים במאה השביעית לספירה, היו רוב הברברים חסרי דת.
הברברים התאסלמו תחת שלטון הערבים והצטרפו אליהם לכיבוש ספרד. עם זאת, הברברים התמרדו פעם אחר פעם נגד הערבים. בתקופת הח'ליף האומיי, הישאם (724-743), מרדו הברברים בח'ליפות, כיוון שלמרות השתתפותם במלחמות ולמרות היותם מוסלמים נאמנים, היה עליהם להעלות מס כמו נתינים. הברברים המורדים אימצו את תורת הח'וארג' ופרקו מעליהם את עול השלטון האומיי. הם הקימו מדינה עצמאית בתאהירת שבצפון אלג'יריה, שהתקיימה בין השנים 776-909.
הברברים תמכו בשושלת האידריסים, שושלת שיעית מזרם הזידים, ששלטה במרוקו בין השנים 780-975 והקימה את העיר פאס. במאה התשיעית לספירה תמכו בשושלת הפאטמית בכיבושה את צפון אפריקה. לאחר שהשושלת הפאטימית נסוגה למצרים צפון אפריקה הייתה נתונה במלחמות שבטיות בין שבטים ברברים שונים שפסקו רק עם עליית השושלות הברבריות האל-מוראבידית והאל-מוחאדית. שושלות אלו הצליחו להדוף את התקדמות הנוצרים דרומה כנגד המורים המשוסעים. ההיסטוריון המוסלמי אבן חַ'לדוּן (תוניס, 1332-1406), חיבר ספר היסטוריה עולמית ובו תיאור תולדות הברברים באזור המגרב.
עם התפוררות שושלות אלו, הברברים שחיו באזורי הערבות נטמעו בחברה הערבית, בעוד שהברברים שחיו באזורי הרמות שימרו את מסורותיהם. כשהצרפתים והספרדים כבשו את רוב צפון אפריקה היו אלו הברברים מהרמות שהפגינו את ההתנגדות הרבה ביותר. בזמנים המודרניים, הברברים, במיוחד אלו מקביליה סייעו לגרש את הצרפתים מאלג'יריה. יחסי הברברים-ערבים מתוחים לפעמים, במיוחד באלג'יריה, שם מרדו הברברים בשנים 1963-1965 בשלטון הערבי והפגינו כנגד האפליה שהוא מפגין. הפגנות סוערות התרחשו גם לאחר הירצחו של לונס מאטוב, רצח אשר הממשל האלג'יראי הואשם בביצועו.
כיום, הברברים חיים בכל מדינות צפון אפריקה.
[עריכה]קישורים חיצוניים

ברברים, באנציקלופדיה ynet
[עריכה]לקריאה נוספת

"מבחן החלב", עוזיאל חזן, ספרית פועלים.
קטגוריות: עמיםעמי אפריקהצפון אפריקהקבוצות אתניות
משובים קודמיםמשוב על הערך


قس اسپانیائی

Los bereberes (en lengua bereber amazigh [sing.] imazighen [pl.]), son las personas pertenecientes a un conjunto de etnias autóctonas del Magreb, al oeste del valle del Nilo. Se distribuyen desde el oasis de Siwa, en Egipto, al océano Atlántico y del mar Mediterráneo al río Níger. Hasta la conquista de las Islas Canarias, en el siglo XV, el ámbito de los pueblos bereberes abarcaba también las islas Canarias, ya que se cree que sus aborígenes eran de etnia bereber. El conjunto de las lenguas bereberes, denominado en el siglo XXI tamazight,[cita requerida] es una rama de las lenguas afroasiáticas. Se estima que en el norte de África existen entre 55 y 70 millones de bereberófonos, concentrándose especialmente en Argelia y en Marruecos, y entre 2 y 3 millones en Europa.
Contenido [mostrar]
[editar]Etimología

Bereber es el nombre latino de este pueblo dado por los conquistadores romanos ("bárbaros") pero se llaman a sí mismos imazighen (en singular amazigh), que significa "hombres libres".2 3 Esta denominación es común en Marruecos y en Argelia, y desde mediados del siglo XX se tiende a emplear el término "amazigh", la apelación original, en vez de "bereber", un término importado, para reagrupar a todas las etnias bereberes (Cabileños, Chleuh, Tuareg, etc.).4 En la Antigüedad, los griegos conocían a los bereberes como libios,5 los egipcios los nombraban mashauash, del nombre de una tribu bereber cercana a sus tierras, y los romanos los llamaban numidios o mauritanos. Los europeos medievales los incluyeron en los moros, nombre que aplicaban a todos los musulmanes del África del Norte.
[editar]Historia

[editar]Edad Antigua
Véanse también: Reino de Numidia y Reino de Mauritania
Se desconoce cuál es su origen, aunque los yacimientos arqueológicos hallados en el Sáhara, como las pinturas rupestres de Tassili n'Ajjer, datan la presencia del hombre en esta parte de África desde por lo menos 6.000 años a. C.6


Mapa de las áreas de extensión de las culturas norteafricanas en el Neolítico hacia 6.000 A.C.
Al carecer de un lenguaje escrito, su historia sólo se basa en los relatos de los griegos, romanos, fenicios, así como del Antiguo Egipto. Se sabe que la XXII dinastía era un clan libio que conquistó Egipto alrededor del año 935 a. C. Sheshonq I es el fundador de dicha dinastía, y de hecho el calendario amazigh comienza su historia desde ese hecho; así, el año 2960 corresponde al 2010 año cristiano.
Durante la época prerromana se establecieron varios Estados independientes antes de que el rey Masinisa fundara Numidia y unificara la región.
Cabe destacar la influencia ejercida por las civilizaciones más avanzadas en los pueblos amazigh. En la mitología amazigh hay, por ejemplo, similitud entre las deidades fenicias como Baal o Astarté, y las deidades egipcias Amón, Isis, etc.


Mapa de Numidia h. 220 a. C., que muestra los reinos de Sifax y Gaia (padre de Masinissa).


Tumba de Masinisa en El-Khroub, Argelia, 148 a. C.
Gracias al avance de los fenicios y griegos en la navegación y su necesidad de establecer enclaves para el comercio, los primeros fundaron uno de los mayores imperios del Mediterráneo, Cartago, y los segundos ciudades que aún persisten como Lixus (Larache), Tingis (Tánger), Sala (Sale), Utica, Thapsos, Leptis en Túnez.
Durante la primera parte de la Segunda Guerra Púnica, al este, los masilios bajo su rey Gaia se aliaron con Cartago, mientras que el oeste de Masaesyli bajo el rey Sifax se alió con Roma. Sin embargo, en el año 206 a. C., el nuevo rey de la región oriental de masilios, Masinisa, se alió con Roma, y de la Masaesyli de Sifax cambió su lealtad hacia el lado cartaginés. Al final de la guerra, los romanos victoriosos cedieron toda la región a Masinisa de los masilios. En el momento de su muerte en 148 a. C., el territorio se extendía desde Masinisa, Mauritania, hasta la frontera con el territorio cartaginés, y también al sureste, hasta la Cirenaica, de modo que Numidia rodeaba en su totalidad Cartago (Apiano, Punica, 106), excepto hacia el mar.
[editar]Época romana
Véase: Mauritania Tingitana, Mauritania Cesariense
[editar]Edad Media
A diferencia de las conquistas de las religiones y las culturas anteriores, la llegada del Islam, que fue difundida por los árabes y sirios, iba a tener a largo plazo efectos duraderos sobre el omnipresente Magreb.
La nueva fe, en sus diversas formas, penetraría en casi todos los segmentos de la sociedad, trayendo consigo los ejércitos, sabios, místicos y fervientes, y en gran parte infiltraría las prácticas tribales complicando y fragmentándolas por lealtades a las nuevas normas sociales y expresiones políticas. No obstante, la islamización y la arabización de la región eran complicadas y siguió un largo proceso con revueltas de cáracter social tan profundamente enraizado y radicalmente opuesto a los nuevos órdenes como las que representaba el matriarcado previo bajo la líder Kahina. Los árabes tardaron casi 30 años en conquistar la región y pasaron otros 300 años arabizando el Magreb.
Las primeras expediciones militares árabes en el Magreb, entre 642 y 669 d. C., dieron lugar a la propagación del Islam. Estas primeras incursiones desde una base en Egipto se produjeron bajo la iniciativa local. Pero, cuando la sede del califato se trasladó de Medina a Damasco, los Omeyas reconocieron la necesidad estratégica de dominar el Mediterráneo con especial esfuerzo en los países de África del Norte. En 670, un ejército árabe liderado por Uqba ibn Nafi ocupó la ciudad de Kairuán, a unos 160 km al sur de la actual Túnez, y la usó como base para otras operaciones.
Abu al-Muhajir Dinar, sucesor de Uqba, siguió hacia el oeste de Argelia y, finalmente, elaboró un modus vivendi con Kusaila, la gobernante de una amplia confederación de bereberes cristianos. Kusaila, que tenía su base en Tilimsan (Tremecén), se convirtió al islam y trasladó su sede a Takirwan, cerca de Kairuán.
Pero esta armonía no duró mucho. Las fuerzas árabes y bereberes pugnaron por dominar la región hasta 667. En 711, las fuerzas omeyas ayudadas por bereberes conversos al Islam habían conquistado todo el norte de África, pero la propagación del Islam entre los bereberes no significó su apoyo al califato dominado por los árabes, debido a su actitud discriminatoria. Los gobernadores designados por los califas omeyas gobernaron desde Kairuán, capital del vilayato (provincia) de Ifriqiya, que cubría Tripolitania (la parte occidental de la actual Libia), Túnez y el este de Argelia.
Las tensiones entre los árabes y los bereberes se fueron agravando, en parte a causa de que los primeros trataban a los segundos como musulmanes de segunda clase, y también por el hecho de que el poder estaba en manos de una minoría que, en el peor de los casos, llegaba a esclavizarlos. Las tensiones fueron en aumento hasta que estalló una revuelta, en los años 739-740, bajo el liderato de los jariyíes. Éstos habían estado luchando contra los Omeyas en Oriente y muchos se sintieron atraídos por su ideología igualitaria. Después de la revuelta, los jariyitas establecieron una serie de reinos tribales teocráticos, la mayoría de los cuales tenían historias cortas y problemas. Pero otros, como Siyilmasa y Tilimsan, que eran atravesados por las principales rutas comerciales, tuvieron una historia más próspera y larga.


La Gran Mezquita de Kairuán, renombrada universidad de los aglabíes, fotografiada a principios del siglo XX.
En 750, los abasíes, que sucedieron a los omeyas como califas musulmanes, trasladaron la capital a Bagdad y restablecieron la autoridad califal en Ifriqiya, nombrando a Ibrahim I ibn Aglab como gobernador en Kairuán. Aunque formalmente prestaban sus servicios al califa con gusto, Al Aglab y sus sucesores, los aglabíes, gobernaron de forma independiente hasta 909, y presidían un tribunal que se convirtió en un centro para el aprendizaje y la cultura.
Varias dinastías bereberes dominaron durante la Edad Media en el Magreb, Sudán, Italia, Malí, Níger, Senegal, Egipto o España.
El Libro de la evidencia, de Ibn Jaldún, contiene una tabla que resume las dinastías del Magreb:
Almorávide
Almohades
Barghawata
Ziríes
Mequínez
Dinastía Wattásida
Benimerines, etc.
Según los historiadores, en la Edad Media los bereberes estaban divididos en dos ramas (Botr y Barnes), que descendían de Mazigh.[cita requerida] Cada región del Magreb estaba compuesta de varias tribus, como los Sanhaja, Houaras, Zenata, Masmuda, Kutama, Awarba o Barghawata, las cuales tenían autonomía territorial y política.
[editar]Al-Ándalus
Los musulmanes que entraron en Iberia en el año 711 no fueron solamente árabes, una parte de ellos fueron bereberes al mando de un bereber, Táriq ibn Ziyad, aunque bajo la soberanía del califa árabe Abd al-Malik y su virrey del norte de África, Musa ibn Nusair.
Los bereberes ayudaron supuestamente a Abderramán I en Al-Ándalus tras la masacre de su familia, cuya madre era bereber.
Durante la época de las taifas, algunas dinastías eran bereberes (como por ejemplo, los ziríes, reyes de Granada). El periodo de taifas terminó cuando una dinastía de los almorávides se hizo cargo de Al-Ándalus, hasta que fueron sucedidos por los almohades, otra dinastía de Marruecos. Durante esa época, Al-Ándalus alcanzó su mayor esplendor cultural.
En la jerarquía de poder, los bereberes se encontraban entre la aristocracia árabe y los muladíes. La rivalidad étnica fue uno de los factores más importantes que impulsaron la política andalusí. Los bereberes componían hasta un 20% de la población del territorio ocupado. Después de la caída del califato, los gobernantes de los reinos de taifas de Toledo, Badajoz, Málaga y Granada eran bereberes.
[editar]Edad contemporánea
Buena parte de la población del norte de África es de origen bereber. Por eso del 35 al 40% de la población marroquí y entre el 20 y 25% de los argelinos7 pueden hoy día identificarse como bereberes por hablar un idioma bereber. Si bien la cultura actual de algunos grupos étnicos bereberes, en particular en las zonas urbanas, se ha fundido con la de sus vecinos magrebíes de habla árabe, y sólo el lenguaje les diferencia, la mayoría mantiene hábitos culturales (vestimenta, fiestas, hábitat, gastronomía, música) propios de las diversas culturas bereberes.
Por lo tanto, las estimaciones más altas de la población de origen bereber podrían incluir a los grupos étnicos que no hablan una lengua bereber[cita requerida]. También hay pequeñas poblaciones bereberes en Libia, Túnez y Mauritania, aunque no se dispone de estadísticas exactas, y muy pequeños grupos en Mali, Burkina Faso, Egipto y Níger. Mayor número de personas constituyen los grupos bereberes de Argelia, los cabilios, que suman cerca de 4 millones y que han mantenido, en gran medida, su lengua original y su cultura, y los chleuh del sur de Marruecos, que cuentan alrededor de 8 millones de personas. Hay unos 2,2 millones de inmigrantes bereberes en Europa, especialmente los rifeños y los cabilios, en Francia, Países Bajos, Bélgica y España. Una parte de los habitantes de las Islas Canarias se consideran descendientes de los aborígenes guanches.
Aunque estereotipados en Europa como nómadas, la mayoría de los bereberes fueron, de hecho, agricultores que vivían en las montañas relativamente cerca de la costa mediterránea o atlántica, y habitantes de los oasis. Pero los tuareg y zenaga en el Sáhara eran nómadas. Algunos grupos, como los Chaouis, practicaban la trashumancia.
En enero de 2010, los bereberes de Marruecos obtuvieron su propio canal de televisión.
Fuertes tensiones políticas surgieron entre algunos grupos bereberes (especialmente en Cabilia) y los gobiernos de los países magrebíes durante los últimos decenios, en parte por cuestiones lingüísticas y culturales. En Marruecos, por ejemplo, hasta hace muy poco estaban prohibidos los nombres bereberes.
[editar]Pueblos bereberes actuales



Antiguas casas bereberes, oasis de Siwa, Egipto


Pueblo bereber, valle del Ourika, Alto Atlas marroquí
Argelia
Cabilios
Chaoui
Chenoui
Beni Snous
Mozabíes
Izenten
Matmati
Marruecos
Rifeños
Drawa
Dades
Mesgita
Seddrat
Zeri
Ghomara
Sousi
Libia
Ghadames
Túnez
Jerba
Malí
Mauritania
Zenaga
Egipto
Siwa
Otros
Nefusa
Tuareg
Canarios prehispánicos (colonizado / asimilado)
[editar]Cultura

[editar]Idioma
Artículo principal: Lenguas bereberes.


Mapa de las lenguas bereberes en el norte de África
Las lenguas bereberes son un conjunto de idiomas camíticos de la familia de las lenguas afroasiáticas. Tienen unos veinte millones de hablantes,8 de los cuales cerca de ocho millones viven en Marruecos,9 y más de cuatro millones residen en Argelia,10 aunque como no consta en los censos de estos países, todas estas cifras son aproximativas y hay que revisarlas a la alza.
El tamazight posee alfabeto propio, el tifinagh, utilizado tradicionalmente por los tuareg y revivido en época reciente por lingüistas, instituciones y movimientos culturales berberistas, como el CMA. Se usa también el alfabeto latino en Argelia (con algunas letras griegas como γ) y el alfabeto árabe en otros lugares, como Marruecos, hasta la adopción oficial del tifinagh para la enseñanza.
[editar]Religión
Por su implantación geográfica, los imazighen conocieron todos los grandes movimientos religiosos que recorrieron la cuenca mediterránea desde la Antigüedad. Desde 180 d. C., participaron de la extensión del cristianismo al que dieron tres papas, siendo el más conocido Gelasio I. Cuando la dominación árabe se asienta definitivamente en África del Norte a finales del siglo VII, los imazighen se convierten al Islam, su religión mayoritaria hasta el siglo XXI. En el siglo XIX, la colonización francesa volvió a introducir parcialmente el cristianismo entre las comunidades imazighen argelinas, principalmente a través de las misiones de los Pères Blancs (Padres Blancos), por lo que todavía existe una minoría católica. A partir de 1980, después de los graves acontecimientos de represión contra los movimientos imazighen, ocurridos en Cabilia y conocidos como la "primavera bereber", se ha observado un movimiento de conversión al protestantismo.11 Muchos sefardíes, por ejemplo de Puerto Rico, tienen sus raíces entre los bereberes. Estos bereberes siguieron la fe judía. [cita requerida]
En su mayoría, son conversos al Islam sunita aunque siempre ha habido grupos importantes aunque minoritarios de judíos y cristianos entre ellos, y una creciente mínoria de no creyentes en el mundo laico moderno desde el siglo XIX.
[editar]Gastronomía
Artículo principal: Gastronomía bereber.


Tayín de verduras
Se trata de una cocina ancestral que se enmarca dentro de las tradiciones y de los ingredientes comunes a la cocina magrebí (como el uso del cuscús, cuyo origen sería bereber)12 y a la cocina mediterránea en general. No obstante, tiene particularidades dentro de las cocinas del norte de África, que permiten reconocer muchos platos como típicamente bereberes. Una de las cocinas bereberes más reputadas es la del pueblo Zayán, en la región de Jenifra (Atlas Medio marroquí), donde abundan los cultivos de cereales. Algunos de sus platos son:
Shuá - Plato con carne de cordero
Los Tajines de diferentes carnes
Tangia - Especie de chile con carne
Cuscús dulce - Se trata de cuscús con mantequilla y un poco de leche y azúcar
Thamrikt - Un puré de habas con aceite de oliva
[editar]Ignorancia o rechazo del origen bereber

Según unos análisis de ADN, la mayoría de los norteafricanos descienden parcial o directamente de bereberes. Así, la mayoría de los marroquies y de los argelinos tienen antepasados bereberes, árabes-bereberes y árabes. Al igual que más del 80% de los tunecinos13 14 15 y más del 90% de los libios.16 Sin embargo, la mayoría de los libios y de los tunecinos informan en los censos descender solo de los árabes y descartan su origen bereber. Lo mismo ocurre en las islas Canarias donde, según unos estudios de ADN de 2007, el 57% de la población tiene antepasados entre los pueblos aborígenes del archipiélago, cuyo origen era bereber. Muchos canarios, sin embargo, rechazan el origen bereber.17 En ambos casos, tanto en el de los tunecinos y libios, como en el de los canarios, ambos grupos solo se consideran descendientes del grupo invasor (el de los árabes en el primer caso y el de los europeos en el segundo), aunque los estudios de ADN indiquen que ellos también descienden de bereberes.
[editar]Algunos personajes históricos bereberes


Septimio Severo, de origen bereber, fue emperador de Roma



El rey bereber Massinissa, fundador del reino de Numidia (201 a. C.)



Yugurta



Busto del rey Juba II en el museo de Cherchell en Argelia



Sifax recibe a Escipión el Africano. Fresco de Alessandro Allori



Busto de Ptolomeo de Mauritania, 30–40 a. C., museo del Louvre, Francia



El filósofo y teólogo San Agustín



Caracalla emperador de Roma



Macrino, emperador de Roma



Cipriano de Cartago



Tertuliano



El papa Melquíades



Juba I



La reina Kahina, que luchó contra la invasión omeya



Táriq ibn Ziyad, conquistador de España en el siglo VIII



Lalla Fadhma N'Soumer, miembro de la resistencia a la conquista francesa en el siglo XIX

[editar]Consideraciones étnicas

Desde el punto de vista étnico, existen pocas personas que son consideradas puramente bereberes[cita requerida] y que se concentran en algunas partes montañosas de Marruecos y en algunas partes de Argelia, Túnez y Libia[cita requerida]. Los bereberes de la costa han tenido una fuerte aportación ásiatica por parte de árabes, sirios, yemenies y otros[cita requerida], siendo muchos más aun sin aportación genética también linguísticamente arabizados. Muchos del desierto y zonas del sur son bereberes lingüísticamente aunque étnicamente han recibido aportación foránea de elementos subsaharianos.[cita requerida]
[editar]Véase también



Bereberes famosos: Ibrahim Afellay, Ahmed Aboutaleb, Abd el-Krim, Zinedine Zidane e Idir
Sobre los pueblos bereberes:
Lenguas bereberes
Gastronomía bereber
Cabilia, región bereber de Argelia
Rif, región bereber de Marruecos
Zenata
Sanhaja, antecesores de los Souss Chleuhs
Masmuda, antecesores de los Atlas Chleuhs
Tuareg, pueblo bereber del Sáhara
Aborígenes canarios, pueblo indígena de las Islas Canarias
Tamazgha, nombre bereber para el norte de África
Moro
Pirata berberisco, piratas no bereberes de la costa de Berbería
Berbería
Colonias griegas
Colonias fenicias
Sobre su historia:
Edad antigua: Guerra de Yugurta, Numidia, Mitología bereber, Cartago
Época romana: Mauritania Tingitana, África proconsularis, Mauretania Caesariensis, Tripolitania
Edad Media: Conquista musulmana del norte de África
Al-andalus: Tariq ibn Ziyad, Al-Ándalus
[editar]Notas y referencias

↑ Omar Ouakrim (1995), p. 16
↑ Brett, M.; Fentress, E.W.B. (1996). The Berbers. Blackwell Publishing.
↑ Maddy-weitzman, B. (2006). «Ethno-politics and globalisation in North Africa: The berber culture movement*». The Journal of North African Studies 11 (1): pp. 71–84. doi:10.1080/13629380500409917.
↑ Mohand Akli Haddadou, Le guide de la culture berbère, Paris Méditerranée, 2000, p.13-14
↑ Brian M. Fagan, Roland Oliver, Africa in the Iron Age: C. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1400, p. 47
↑ Tassili n'Ajjer en la lista del Patrimonio de la Humanidad de la Unesco [1]
↑ Informe de Salem Chaker, Inalco, París, 1997 [2]
↑ Omar Ouakrim (1995): Fonética y Fonología del Bereber, ed. UAB, Barcelona, ISBN 84-490-0280-X.
↑ Según cifras de 1998 en Ethnologue.com [3] (consultado el 24.01.2010)
↑ Según datos recogidos entre 1987 y 1995, en Ethnologue.com [4] (consultado el 24.01.2010)
↑ Ver artículos publicados en el periódico El Watan, los 26 y 27 de julio de 2004 [5]
↑ Según estudios realizados en el INALCO, Francia [6]
↑ http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2004_v74_p1023-1034.pdf
↑ http://www.cell.com/AJHG/retrieve/pii/S0002929707643651
↑ .
↑ http://www.temehu.com/Libyan-People.htm Temehu. Libyan people and Ethnic tribes. Retrieved January 4, 2011, to 22:54 pm.
↑ Fregel R, Gomes V, Gusmão L, et al. (2009). «Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European». BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: pp. 181. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181. PMID 19650893.
[editar]Bibliografía
Omar Ouakrim (1995): Fonética y Fonología del Bereber, ed. UAB, Barcelona, ISBN 84-490-0280-X.
Heers, Jacques. Los berberiscos, Editorial Ariel, 2003, ISBN 978-84-344-6663-0
[editar]Enlaces externos
Amazigh/Berber Cultura bereber
Música bereber
Institut Cultura Amazighe
Bereberes de Gran Canaria y Tenerife
Enciclopedia de Oriente
Banderas del mundo
Asociación cultural de Imedyazen
Galerías de fotos
Mapa de movimientos humanos antiguos
Mapas del mundo
Wikimedia Commons alberga contenido multimedia sobre Bereberes.
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Categorías: BereberEtnias de ÁfricaPueblos musulmanes

قس انگلیسی

Berbers (Berber: ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⴻⵏ Imazighen / Imaziɣen) are the indigenous ethnic group of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are continuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke the Berber language or varieties of it, which together form a branch of the Afro-Asiatic linguistic family. Today, varieties of Maghrebi colloquial Arabic are spoken by a large portion of Berbers besides the Berber language itself. Foreign languages like French are used by the educated in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria. Spanish is also known by some Berbers in Morocco and in the annexed Western Sahara and Italian in Libya. This presence of European languages was due to Europe's occupation and colonization of the Berber world. Today, most Berber-speaking people live in Morocco and Algeria, smaller Berber-speaking populations are scattered throughout Tunisia, Libya, Mauritania, Mali and Niger, as well as various diasporas living in Europe.[1][2]
The presence of the Arabic language and dialects is due to the spread of Islam and to the immigration of some Arab tribes to the region centuries ago. A Berber is not necessarily only someone who happens to speak Berber. The Berber identity is usually wider than language and ethnicity, and encompasses the entire history and geography of North Africa. Berbers are not a homogeneous ethnic group and they encompass a range of phenotypes, cultures and ancestries. The one unifying force is the Berber language, Berber land, and an identification with the Berber heritage and history.
Many Berbers call themselves some variant of the word imazighen (singular: Amazigh), possibly meaning "free people" or "free and noble men"[1] (the word has probably an ancient parallel in the Roman name for some of the Berbers, "Mazices").
Some of the best known of the ancient Berbers are the Numidian king Masinissa, king Jugurtha, the Berber-Roman author Apuleius, Saint Augustine of Hippo, and the Berber-Roman general Lusius Quietus, who was instrumental in defeating the major wave of Jewish revolts of 115–117. Famous Berbers of the Middle Ages include Yusuf ibn Tashfin, king of the Berber Almoravid empire; Tariq ibn Ziyad the general who conquered Hispania; Abbas Ibn Firnas, a prolific inventor and early pioneer in aviation; Ibn Battuta, a medieval explorer who traveled the longest known distances in pre-modern times; and Estevanico, an early explorer of the Americas. Well-known modern Berbers in Europe include Zinedine Zidane, a French-born international football star of Algerian Kabyle descent, Loreen the Swedish-born winner of Eurovision 2012 and Ibrahim Afellay, a Dutch-born footballer of Moroccan Riffian descent.
Contents [show]
[edit]Name

Further information: Berber (etymology) and Murabtin
The name Berber appeared for the first time after the end of the Roman Empire.[3] The use of the term Berber spread in the period following the arrival of the Vandals during their major invasions. A history by a Roman consul in Africa made the first reference of the term "barbarian" to describe Numidia. Muslim historians, some time after, also mentioned the Berbers.[4] The English term was introduced in the 19th century, replacing the earlier Barbary, a loan from Arabic. Its ultimate etymological identity with barbarian is uncertain, but the Arabic word has clearly been treated as identical with Latin barbaria, Byzantine Greek βαρβαρία "land of barbarians" since the Middle Ages.
For the historian Abraham Isaac Laredo [5] the name Amazigh could be derived from the name of the ancestor Mezeg which is the translation of biblical ancestor Dedan son of Sheba in the Targoum. According to Leo Africanus, Amazigh meant "free men," though this has been disputed, because there is no root of M-Z-Gh meaning "free" in modern Berber languages. It also has a cognate in the Tuareg word "amajegh," meaning "noble".[6][7] This term is common in Morocco, especially among Central-Upper-North Morocco Tamazight and Central-Upper-North-South Morocco Sous Tamazight speakers in 1980,[8] but elsewhere within the Berber homeland a local, more particular term, such as Kabyle or Chaoui, is more often used instead in Algeria.[9]
The Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines mentioned various tribes with similar names living in Greater "Libya" (North Africa) in the areas where Berbers were later found. Later tribal names differ from the classical sources, but are probably still related to the modern Amazigh. The Meshwesh tribe among them represents the first thus identified from the field. Scholars believe it would be the same tribe called a few centuries after in Greek Mazyes by Hektaios and Maxyes by Herodotus, while it was called after that the "Mazaces" and "Mazax" in Latin sources, and related to the later Massylii and Masaesyli. All those names are similar and perhaps foreign renditions to the name used by the Berbers in general for themselves, Imazighen.
[edit]Prehistory

Main article: Prehistoric Central North Africa


Hoggar painting
Northern African cave paintings, dating back 12 000 years, have been found at Tadrart Acacus in Libya. A Neolithic culture, marked by animal domestication and subsistence agriculture, developed in the Saharan and Mediterranean region (the Maghreb) of northern Africa between 6000 B.C and 2000 B.C. This type of life, richly depicted in the Tassili n'Ajjer cave paintings of southeastern Algeria, predominated in the Maghreb until the classical period. These early inhabitants lacked a written language and so have tended to be overlooked by written historical accounts.[citation needed]
During the pre-Roman era, several successive independent states (Massylii) existed before the king Masinissa unified the people of Numidia.[10][10][11][12][13][14]
[edit]History

See also: Genetic history of North Africa and History of North Africa


Ancient Libyans as depicted on Seti II tomb.
In historical times, the Berbers expanded south into the Sahara (displacing earlier populations such as the Azer and Bafour), and have in turn been mainly culturally assimilated in much of North Africa by Arabs, particularly following the incursion of the Banu Hilal in the 11th century.
The areas of North Africa which retained the Berber language and traditions have, in general, been the highlands of Kabylie, Aures (in Arris, T'kout) and Morocco, most of which in Roman and Ottoman times remained largely independent. The Ottomans did penetrate the Kabylie area; Turkish influence can be seen in food, clothes and music, and to places the Phoenicians never penetrated, far beyond the coast. These areas have been affected by some of the many invasions of North Africa, most recently that of the French.
[edit]Origins
Further information: Genetic history of North Africa and Proto-Berber language
The prehistoric populations of North Africa are related to the wider group of Paleo-Mediterranean peoples. The Afroasiatic phylum probably originated in the mesolithic period, perhaps in the context of the Capsian culture.[15][16] DNA analysis has found commonalities between Berber populations and those of the Sami people of Scandinavia showing a link dating from around 9,000 years ago.[17] By 5000 BC, the populations of North Africa are an amalgamation of Ibero-Maurisian and Capsian stock blended with a more recent intrusion associated with the Neolithic revolution.[18] Out of these populations, the proto-Berber tribes form during the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age.[19]
[edit]Antiquity
Further information: History of Roman-era Tunisia, Roman Libya, and Mauretania Tingitana


Heracles wrestling with the Libyan giant Antaeus.
The Berbers enter historicity gradually during the Roman era. The oldest known Tifinagh inscription is dated to ca. 200 BC.[citation needed] Byzantine authors mention the Mazikes (Amazigh) as tribal people raiding the monasteries of Cyrenaica.
Roman era Cyrenaica became a center of Early Christianity. Some pre-Islamic Berbers were Christians[20] (some evolved their own Donatist doctrine),[21] some were Jewish, and some adhered to their traditional polytheist religion. Roman era authors of Berber background include Apuleius and St. Augustine. There were three popes of possible Berber ancestry who came from the Roman province of Africa. Pope Victor I served during the reign of Roman emperor Septimius Severus, who was a North African of Roman/Punic ancestry (perhaps with some Berber blood).[22]
[edit]Numidia
Main article: Numidia


Map of Numidia.
Numidia (202 BC – 46 BC) was an ancient Berber kingdom in present-day Algeria and part of Tunisia that later alternated between being a Roman province and being a Roman client state. It was located on the eastern border of modern Algeria, bordered by the Roman province of Mauretania (in modern day Algeria and Morocco) to the west, the Roman province of Africa (modern day Tunisia) to the east, the Mediterranean Sea to the north, and the Sahara Desert to the south. Its people were the Numidians.
The name Numidia was first applied by Polybius and other historians during the third century BC to indicate the territory west of Carthage, including the entire north of Algeria as far as the river Mulucha (Muluya), about 100 miles west of Oran. The Numidians were conceived of as two great tribal groups: the Massylii in eastern Numidia, and the Masaesyli in the west. During the first part of the Second Punic War, the eastern Massylii under their king Gala were allied with Carthage, while the western Masaesyli under king Syphax were allied with Rome. However in 206 BC, the new king of the eastern Massylii, Masinissa, allied himself with Rome, and Syphax of the Masaesyli switched his allegiance to the Carthaginian side. At the end of the war the victorious Romans gave all of Numidia to Masinissa of the Massylii. At the time of his death in 148 BC, Masinissa's territory extended from Mauretania to the boundary of the Carthaginian territory, and also southeast as far as Cyrenaica, so that Numidia entirely surrounded Carthage (Appian, Punica, 106) except towards the sea.
Main article: Jugurthine War
Masinissa was succeeded by his son Micipsa. When Micipsa died in 118, he was succeeded jointly by his two sons Hiempsal I and Adherbal and Masinissa's illegitimate grandson, Jugurtha, of Berber origin, who was very popular among the Numidians. Hiempsal and Jugurtha quarreled immediately after the death of Micipsa. Jugurtha had Hiempsal killed, which led to open war with Adherbal. After Jugurtha defeated him in open battle, Adherbal fled to Rome for help. The Roman officials, allegedly due to bribes but perhaps more likely because of a desire to quickly end conflict in a profitable client kingdom, settled the fight by dividing Numidia into two parts. Jugurtha was assigned the western half. However, soon after conflict broke out again, leading to the Jugurthine War between Rome and Numidia.
[edit]Mauretania
Main article: Mauretania


Mauritanian cavalry under Lusius Quietus fighting in the Dacian wars. From the Column of Trajan.
In antiquity, Mauretania was an independent Berber kingdom under King Bocchus I (110-80 BC). It was situated on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa, in present-day western Algeria and northern Morocco.
[edit]Middle Ages
Before the 11th century, most of Northwest Africa was a Berber-speaking Muslim area. The process of Arabization only became a major factor with the arrival of the Banu Hilal, a tribe sent by the Fatimids of Egypt to punish the Berber Zirid dynasty for having abandoned Shiism. The Banu Hilal reduced the Zirids to a few coastal towns, and took over much of the plains; their influx was a major factor in the Arabization of the region, and in the spread of nomadism in areas where agriculture had previously been dominant.
After the Muslim conquest, the Berber tribes of coastal North Africa became almost fully Arabized. Besides the Arab influence, North African population also saw an influx via the Barbary Slave Trade of European peoples, with some estimates placing the number of European slaves brought to North Africa during the Ottoman period as high as 1.25 million.[23] Interactions with neighboring Sudanic empires, traders and nomads from other parts of Africa also left impressions upon the Berber people.
According to historians of the Middle Ages, the Berbers were divided into two branches (Botr and Barnès), descended from Mazigh ancestors, who were themselves divided into tribes, and again into sub-tribes. Each region of the Maghreb contained several tribes (e.g. Sanhadja, Houaras, Zenata, Masmouda, Kutama, Awarba, Berghwata, etc.). All these tribes had independence and territorial decisions.[24][25]
Several Berber dynasties emerged during the Middle Ages in the Maghreb, Sudan, Andalusia, Italy, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Egypt and other countries of Africa. Ibn Khaldun provides a table summarizing the Berber dynasties, listing the dynasties of Zirid, Banu Ifran, Maghrawa, Almoravid, Hammadid, Almohad, Merinid, Abdalwadid, Wattasid, Meknassa and Hafsid as most notable.[24][26]
They belong to a powerful, formidable, brave and numerous people; a true people like so many others the world has seen - like the Arabs, the Persians, the Greeks and the Romans. The men who belong to this family of peoples have inhabited the Maghreb since the beginning.
—Ibn Khaldun, 14th century Arab historian[21]
[edit]Berbers and the Islamic conquest


Tlemcen, Patio of the Zianides
Unlike the conquests of previous religions and cultures, the coming of Islam, which was spread by Arabs, was to have pervasive and long-lasting effects on the Maghreb. The new faith, in its various forms, would penetrate nearly all segments of Berber society, bringing with it armies, learned men, and fervent mystics, and in large part replacing tribal practices and loyalties with new social norms and political idioms.
Nonetheless, the Islamization and Arabization of the region was a complicated and lengthy processes. Whereas nomadic Berbers were quick to convert and assist the Arab conquerors, it was not until the 12th century, under the Almohad Dynasty, that the Christian, Jewish and animist communities of the Maghreb became marginalized.
The first Arab military expeditions into the Maghreb, between 642 and 669 CE, resulted in the spread of Islam. These early forays from a base in Egypt occurred under local initiative rather than under orders from the central caliphate. But, when the seat of the caliphate moved from Medina to Damascus, the Umayyads (a Muslim dynasty ruling from 661 to 750) recognized that the strategic necessity of dominating the Mediterranean dictated a concerted military effort on the North African front. In 670, therefore, an Arab army under Uqba ibn Nafi established the town of Qayrawan about 160 kilometers south of present-day Tunis and used it as a base for further operations.


A statue of Kahina, 7th century female Berber religious and military leader
Abu al-Muhajir Dinar, Uqba's successor, pushed westward into Algeria and eventually worked out a modus vivendi with Kusaila, the ruler of an extensive confederation of Christian Berbers. Kusaila, who had been based in Tlemcen, became a Muslim and moved his headquarters to Takirwan, near Al Qayrawan.
But this harmony was short-lived. Arab and Berber forces controlled the region in turn until 697. By 711, Umayyad forces helped by Berber converts to Islam had conquered all of North Africa. Governors appointed by the Umayyad caliphs ruled from Kairouan, capital of the new wilaya (province) of Ifriqiya, which covered Tripolitania (the western part of present-day Libya), Tunisia, and eastern Algeria.
The spread of Islam among the Berbers did not guarantee their support for the Arab-dominated caliphate due to the discriminatory attitude of the Arabs. The ruling Arabs alienated the Berbers by taxing them heavily; treating converts as second-class Muslims; and, at worst, by enslaving them. As a result, widespread opposition took the form of open revolt in 739-40 under the banner of Ibadin Islam. The Ibadin had been fighting Umayyad rule in the East, and many Berbers were attracted by the sect's seemingly egalitarian precepts.
After the revolt, Ibadin established a number of theocratic tribal kingdoms, most of which had short and troubled histories. But others, like Sijilmasa and Tlemcen, which straddled the principal trade routes, proved more viable and prospered. In 750, the Abbasids, who succeeded the Umayyads as Muslim rulers, moved the caliphate to Baghdad and reestablished caliphal authority in Ifriqiya, appointing Ibrahim ibn al Aghlab as governor in Kairouan. Though nominally serving at the caliph's pleasure, Al Aghlab and his successors, the Aghlabids, ruled independently until 909, presiding over a court that became a center for learning and culture.
Just to the west of Aghlabid lands, Abd ar Rahman ibn Rustam ruled most of the central Maghreb from Tahert, southwest of Algiers. The rulers of the Rustamid imamate, which lasted from 761 to 909, each an Ibadi imam, were elected by leading citizens. The imams gained a reputation for honesty, piety, and justice. The court at Tahert was noted for its support of scholarship in mathematics, astronomy, astrology, theology, & law. But the Rustamid imams failed, by choice or by neglect, to organize a reliable standing army. This important factor, accompanied by the dynasty's eventual collapse into decadence, opened the way for Tahert's demise under the assault of the Fatimids.
[edit]Berbers in Al-Andalus


The Almoravid Empire, a powerful Berber empire that lasted from 1040 to 1147.
The Muslims who invaded the Iberia in 711 were mainly Berbers, and were led by a Berber, Tariq ibn Ziyad, though under the suzerainty of the Arab Caliph of Damascus Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan and his North African Viceroy, Musa ibn Nusayr. A second mixed army of Arabs and Berbers came in 712 under Ibn Nusayr himself. They supposedly helped the Umayyad caliph Abd ar-Rahman I in Al-Andalus, because his mother was a Berber. During the Taifa era, the petty kings came from a variety of ethnic groups; some—for instance the Zirid kings of Granada—were of Berber origin. The Taifa period ended when a Berber dynasty—the Almoravids from modern-day Morocco—took over Al-Andalus; they were succeeded by the Almohad dynasty from Morocco, during which time al-Andalus flourished.
In the power hierarchy, Berbers were situated between the Arabic aristocracy and the Muladi populace. Ethnic rivalry was one of the most important factors driving Andalusi politics. Berbers made up as much as 20% of the population of the occupied territory.[27]
After the fall of the Caliphate, the Taifa kingdoms of Toledo, Badajoz, Málaga and Granada had Berber rulers.[citation needed]
[edit]Modern history
Further information: Arabized Berber and Berberism


Abd al-Qadir born in Mascara in Algeria is a famous leader of Algerian rebellion in 1830
There is an identity-related debate about the persecution of Berbers by the Arab-minded regimes of North Africa. Through both exclusivities of Pan-Arabism and Islamism,[28] their issue of identity is due to the pan-Arabist ideology of the former Egyptian president, Gamal Abdel Nasser. Some activists have claimed that "It is time—long past overdue—to confront the racist arabization of the Amazigh lands."[29]
Soon after independence in the middle of the 20th century, the countries of North Africa established Arabic as their official language, replacing French, Spanish and Italian; although the shift from European colonial languages to Arabic for official purposes continues even to this day. As a result, most Berbers had to study and know Arabic, and had no opportunities until the 21st century to use their mother tongue at school or university. This may have accelerated the existing process of Arabization of Berbers, especially in already bilingual areas, such as among the Chaouis of Algeria. Tamazight is now taught in Aures since the march lead by Mr. Salim Yezza in 2004, which has started to the teaching of Tamazight in the schools in Aures.
While Berberism had its roots before the independence of these countries, it was limited to the Berber elite. It only began to gain success among the greater populace when North African states replaced their European colonial languages with Arabic and identified exclusively as Arab nations, downplaying or ignoring the existence and the cultural specificity of Berbers. However, its distribution remains highly uneven. In response to its demands, Morocco and Algeria have both modified their policies, with Algeria redefining itself constitutionally as an "Arab, Berber, Muslim nation".
Now, Berber is a "national" language in Algeria and is taught in some Berber speaking areas as a non-compulsory language. In Morocco, after the constitutional reforms of 2011, Berber has become an official language, and is now taught as a compulsory language in all schools regardless of the area or the ethnicity.


Berberist emblem
Berbers have reached high positions in the social hierarchy across the Maghreb; good examples are the former president of Algeria, Liamine Zeroual, and the former prime minister of Morocco, Driss Jettou.
Nevertheless, Berberists who openly show their political orientations rarely reach high hierarchical positions. But,there are some exceptions; for example, Khalida Toumi, a feminist and Berberist militant, has been nominated as head of the Ministry of Communication in Algeria.
In the 2011 Libyan civil war, Berbers in the Nafusa Mountains were quick to revolt against the Gaddafi regime. The mountains became a stronghold of the rebel movement, and were a focal point of the conflict, with much fighting occurring between rebels and loyalists for control of the region.
[edit]Contemporary demographics



Distribution of the Y-Haplogroup E1B1B1B (Berber Genetic Marker)
The Maghreb today is home to large Arabized Berber populations. Berber form the major and largest indigenous ancestry in the Maghreb [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] the Semitic ethnic presence in the region is mainly due to the Phoenicians and Arab Bedouin Hilallians migratory movements (3rd century BC and 11th century, respectively) which mixed in. However, the majority of Arabized Berbers claim an Arab heritage, which is particularly in Morocco and Algeria, a consequence of the Arab nationalism of the early 20th century.
Regarding the remaining populations that speak a Berber language in the Maghreb, they account for about half of the Moroccan population and a third of the Algerian, besides smaller communities in Libya and Tunisia and very small groups in Egypt and Mauritania.


Berber women in Morocco
Outside the Maghreb, the Tuareg in Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso number some 600,000; 400,000 and 120,000 respectively, [40] although Tuaregs are often seen as a distinct group.
Prominent Berber groups include the Kabyles of northern Algeria, who number about 6 million and have kept, to a large degree, their original language and culture; and the Shilha or Chleuh (French, from Arabic Shalh and Shilha ašəlḥi) in High and Anti-Atlas regions of Morocco, numbering about 8 million. Other groups include the Riffians of northern Morocco, the Chaoui people of Eastern Algeria, the Chenouas in West and Central Algeria and the Tuareg of the Sahara.
Though stereotyped in the West as nomads, most Berbers were in fact traditionally farmers, living in mountains relatively close to the Mediterranean coast, or oasis dwellers; but the Tuareg and Zenaga of the southern Sahara were almost wholly nomadic. Some groups, such as the Chaouis, practiced transhumance.
Political tensions have arisen between some Berber groups (especially the Kabyle) and North African governments over the past few decades, partly over linguistic and cultural issues; for instance, in Libya and Morocco, giving children Berber names was banned. The regime of Muammar Gaddafi in Libya also banned the teaching of Berber languages, and the dictator warned Berber leaders in a 2008 diplomatic cable leaked by WikiLeaks "You can call yourselves whatever you want inside your homes – Berbers, Children of Satan, whatever – but you are only Libyans when you leave your homes."[41] As a result of the persecution suffered under Gaddafi's rule, many Berbers joined the Libyan opposition in the 2011 Libyan civil war.[citation needed]
[edit]Diaspora

Berbers set up communities in Mauritania[42] near the Malian imperial capital of Timbuktu.[43]
There are about 2.2 million Berber immigrants in Europe, especially the Riffians in the Netherlands, Belgium and France and Algerians of Kabyles and Chaouis heritage in France.[44]
Puerto Rico has a large percentage of descendants of Berbers.[citation needed] Many of them are of Berber Sephardic Jewish origin[citation needed] and others of Mozarabe roots[citation needed], both of Arabic speaking Christians and Muslim communities in Spain that settled in Boriken in the 1493 colonization of the islands.
[edit]Languages

This section does not cite any references or sources. (December 2008)
Main article: Berber languages
The Berber languages form a branch of Afro-Asiatic, and thus descend from the proto-Afro-Asiatic language. Linguist Christopher Ehret specifically suggests identifying the Capsian culture with speakers of languages ancestral to Berber and/or Chadic. It is still disputed which branches of Afro-Asiatic are most closely related to Berber, but most linguists accept at least either Semitic or Chadic as among its closest relatives within the family (see Afro-Asiatic languages.)
There are between 30 and 40 million speakers of Berber languages in Africa (see population estimation), principally concentrated in Morocco, Algeria, to a lesser extent in Mali, Niger, and Libya, and with smaller communities as far east as Egypt and as far south as Burkina Faso.
Their Berber languages, form a branch of the Afroasiatic language family comprising many closely related varieties, including Riff, Kabyle and Shilha, with a total of roughly 30 million-40 million speakers. A frequently used generic name for all Berber languages is Tamazight, though this may also be used to refer specifically to Central Morocco Tamazight or Riffian dialects.
[edit]Main Berber groups

Algeria: Shawiya people (Eastern Algeria), Kabyle people (Central Algeria), Mozabite (M'zab Valley), Chenoui (Warsanis and Mount Chenoua), Tuareg (Sahara), South Chelha (South-western Algeria) and Northern Zenatas (Western-Central Algeria).
Morocco : Riffians (Northern Morocco), Chleuhs (Southern Morocco), Imazighen -Also known as "Chleuh"- (Central Morocco), Saharan Chelha (Eastern Morocco)
Tunisia: Tamezret (Djerbi and Matmata), Chenini-Douiret people
Canary Islands: Guanches (assimilated)
Libya: Nafusi and Zuwara (Infusen)
Egypt: Siwi (Isiwiyen), in the Siwa valley of Egypt
Multiple countries:Tuareg people, Zenata
[edit]Religions and beliefs

Main article: Berber beliefs
Berbers are mostly Sunni Muslim, while the Mozabites of the Saharan Mozabite Valley are mostly Ibadite. Until the 1960s, there was also an important Jewish Berber community in Morocco,[45] but emigration reduced their number to only a few hundred individuals. Historically, the small minority of remaining Christian Berbers assimilated into French culture and moved to France after independence (with some pied-noirs being of Berber or part-Berber blood), leaving no more than minuscule numbers in North Africa[citation needed]. However, the Kabyle community in Algeria has a decent-sized recently constituted Christian minority, both Protestant and Roman Catholic.
[edit]Important Berbers in Islamic history


Tariq ibn Ziyad, Berber Muslim and Umayyad general who led the conquest of Visigothic Hispania in 711
Tariq ibn Ziyad (died 720), known in Spanish history and legend as Taric el Tuerto (Taric the one-eyed), was a Berber Muslim and Umayyad general who led the conquest of Visigothic Hispania in 711. He is considered to be one of the most important military commanders in Spanish history. He was initially the deputy of Musa ibn Nusair in North Africa, and was sent by his superior to launch the first thrust of an invasion of the Iberian peninsula. Some claim that he was invited to intervene by the heirs of the Visigothic King, Wittiza, in the Visigothic civil war.
On April 29, 711, the armies of Tariq landed at Gibraltar (the name Gibraltar is derived from the Arabic name Jabal Tariq, which means mountain of Tariq, or the more obvious Gibr Al-Tariq, meaning rock of Tariq). Upon landing, Tariq is said to have burned his ships then made the following speech, well known in the Muslim world, to his soldiers:
O People ! There is nowhere to run away! The sea is behind you, and the enemy in front of you: There is nothing for you, by God, except only sincerity and patience. (as recounted by al-Maqqari).
Ziri ibn Manad (died 971), founder of the Zirid dynasty in the Maghreb. Ziri ibn Manad was a clan leader of the Berber Sanhaja tribe who, as an ally of the Fatimids, defeated the rebellion of Abu Yazid (943-947). His reward was the governorship of the western provinces, an area that roughly corresponds with modern Algeria north of the Sahara.
Yusuf ibn Tashfin (c. 1061 - 1106) was the Berber Almoravid ruler in North Africa and Al-Andalus (Morrish Iberia). He took the title of amir al-muslimin (commander of the Muslims) after visiting the Caliph of Baghdad 'amir al-moumineen" ("commander of the faithful") and officially receiving his support. He was either a cousin or nephew of Abu-Bakr Ibn-Umar, the founder of the Almoravid dynasty. He united all of the Muslim dominions in the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain) to the Kingdom of Morocco (c. 1090), after being called to the Al-Andalus by the Emir of Seville.
Alfonso VI was defeated on 23 October 1086, at the battle of Sagrajas, at the hands of Yusuf ibn Tashfin, and Abbad III al-Mu'tamid. Yusuf bin Tashfin is the founder of the famous Moroccan city Marrakech (in Berber Murakush, corrupted to Morocco in English). He himself chose the place where it was built in 1070 and later made it the capital of his Empire. Until then the Almoravids had been desert nomads, but the new capital marked their settling into a more urban way of life.
Ibn Tumart (c. 1080 - c. 1130), was a Berber religious teacher and leader from the Masmuda tribe who spiritually founded the Almohad dynasty. He is also known as El-Mahdi (المهدی) in reference to his prophesied redeeming. In 1125 he began open revolt against Almoravid rule. The name "Ibn Tumart" comes from the Berber language and means "son of the earth."[46]
Abu Ya'qub Yusuf (died on 29 July 1184) was the second Almohad caliph. He reigned from 1163 until 1184. He had the Giralda in Seville built.
Abu Yaqub al-Mustansir Yusuf II Caliph of Morocco from 1213 until his death. Son of the previous caliph, Muhammad an-Nasir, Yusuf assumed the throne following his father's death, at the age of only 16 years.
Ibn Battuta (born 24 February 1304; year of death uncertain, possibly 1368 or 1377) was a Berber[47] Sunni Islamic scholar and jurisprudent from the Maliki Madhhab (a school of Fiqh, or Sunni Islamic law), and at times a Qadi or judge. However, he is best known as a traveler and explorer, whose account documents his travels and excursions over a period of almost thirty years, covering some 73,000 miles (117,000 km). These journeys covered almost the entirety of the known Islamic world, extending from present-day West Africa to Pakistan, India, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and China, a distance readily surpassing that of his predecessor, near-contemporary Marco Polo.
Muhammad al-Jazuli From the tribe of Jazulah which was settled in the Sous area of Morocco between the Atlantic Ocean and the Atlas Mountains. He is most famous for compiling the Dala'il al-Khayrat, an extremely popular Muslim prayer book.
Muhammad Awzal was a religious Berber poet. He is considered the most important author of the Shilha literary tradition. He was born around 1670 in the village of al-Qasaba in the region of Sous, Morocco and died in 1748/9 (1162 of the Egira).
[edit]Important Berbers in Christian history
Main article: Early African Church


Arius.


Saint Augustine
Before the arrival of Islam into the region, most Berber groups were either Christians, Jewish or Animists, and a number of Berber theologians were important figures in the development of western Christianity. In particular, the Berber Donatus Magnus was the founder of a Christian group known as the Donatists. The 4th century Catholic Church viewed the donatists as heretics and the dispute led to a schism in the Church dividing North African Christians.[48] They are directly related to Circumcellions, a sect that worked on disseminating the doctrine in North Africa by the force of the sword.
The Romano-Berber theologian known as Augustine of Hippo (Hippo being the modern Algerian city of Annaba), who is recognized as a saint and a Doctor of the Church by Roman Catholicism and the Anglican Communion and revered by the Reformed, was an outspoken opponent of Donatism.[49]
“ Of all the fathers of the church, St. Augustine was the most admired and the most influential during the Middle Ages... Augustine was an outsider - a native North African whose family was not Roman but Berber... He was a genius - an intellectual giant.[50] ”
Many believe that Arius, another early Christian theologian who was deemed a heretic by the Catholic Church, was of Libyan Berber descent.[citation needed]
Another Berber cleric, Saint Adrian of Canterbury, travelled to England and played a significant role in its early medieval religious history.[citation needed]
[edit]Pre christian era
Main article: Berber mythology
This section requires expansion. (January 2012)
[edit]Architecture

Berber Architecture (Pre & Post islamic)

Ait Benhaddou

Algiers Building interior

Mosque Koutoubia in Marrakech

Traditional architecture of Ghardaïa, Algeria

Morroco mosque
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Berber Tombs

Modeling of Tin Hinan tomb in Algerian Sahara

Juba II and Selena, tomb in Tipaza

Tomb of Masinissa

The Medracen Tomb, near Lambaesis[51]

the Jedars tombs in Tiaret
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[edit]Berber culture

Traditionally, men take care of livestock. They migrate by following the natural cycle of grazing, and seeking water and shelter. They are thus assured with an abundance of wool, cotton and plants used for dyeing. For their part, women look after the family and handicrafts - first for their personal use, and secondly for sale in the souqs in their locality. The Berber tribes traditionally weave kilims. The tapestry maintains the traditional appearance and distinctiveness of the region of origin of each tribe, which has in effect its own repertoire of drawings. The textile of plain weave is represented by a wide variety of stripes, and more rarely by geometrical patterns such as triangles and diamonds. Additional decorations such as sequins or fringes, are typical of Berber weave in Morocco. The nomadic and semi-nomadic lifestyle of the Berbers is very suitable for weaving kilims. The customs and traditions differ from one region to another.[52]
The social structure of the Berbers is tribal. A leader is appointed to command the tribe. In the Middle Ages, many women had the power to govern, such as Kahina and Tazoughert Fatma in Aurès, Tin Hinan in Hoggar, Chemci in Aït Iraten, Fatma Tazoughert in the Aurès. Lalla Fatma N'Soumer was a Berber woman in Kabylia who fought against the French.
The majority of Berber tribes currently have men as heads of the tribe. In Algeria, the el Kseur platform in Kabylia gives tribes the right to fine criminal offenders. In areas of Chaoui, tribal leaders enact sanctions against criminals.[53] The Tuareg have a king who decides the fate of the tribe and is known as Amenokal. It is a very hierarchical society. The Mozabites are governed by the spiritual leaders of Ibadism. The Mozabites lead communal lives. During the crisis of Berriane, the heads of each tribe resolved the problem and began talks to end the crisis between the Maliki and Ibadite movements.[54] In marriages, the man selects the woman, and depending on the tribe, the family often makes the decision. In comparison, in the Tuareg culture, the woman chooses her future husband. The rites of marriage are different for each tribe. Families are either patriarchal or matriarchal, according to the tribe.

Berber decoration



The berber carpet



Algerian Berber calendar



Ancient Tifinagh scripts in Algeria

[edit]Cuisine
Main article: Berber cuisine
Berber cuisine is a traditional cuisine which has evolved little over time. It differs from one area to another within and among Berber groups.
Principal Berber foods are:
Couscous, a semolina staple dish
Tajine, a stew made in various forms
Pastilla, a meat pie traditionally made with pigeon
Bread made with traditional yeast
"Bouchiar" (fine yeastless wafers soaked in butter and natural honey)
"Bourjeje" (pancake containing flour, eggs, yeast and salt)
"Tahricht" (sheep offal: brains, tripe, lungs, and heart): these organ meats are rolled up with the intestines on an oak stick and cooked on embers in specially designed ovens. The meat is coated with butter to make it even tastier. This dish is served mainly at festivities.
Although they are the original inhabitants of North Africa, and in spite of numerous incursions by Phoenicians, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Ottomans and French, Berber groups lived in very contained communities. Having been subject to limited external influences, these populations lived free from acculturating factors.
[edit]Some notable Berber dishes

Customized Tajine



Couscous dish



Turkey Tajine

[edit]Music
Main article: Berber music


Most common traditional music instruments
Berber music, the traditional music of North Africa, has a wide variety of regional styles. The best known are the Moroccan music, the popular Gasba, Kabyle and Chawi music of Algeria, and the widespread Tuareg music of Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mali.
The instruments used are the bendir (large drums) and Gambra (a lute), which accompanying songs and dances.
Algeria
Main article: music of Algeria
Traditional Kabyle music consists of vocalists accompanied by a rhythm section, consisting of t'bel (tambourine) and bendir (frame drum), and a melody section, consisting of a ghaita (bagpipe) and ajouag (flute).
Kabyle music has been popular in France since the 1930s, when it was played at cafés. As it evolved, Western string instruments and Arab musical conventions, like large backing orchestras, were added.
By the time raï, a style of Algerian popular music, became popular in France and elsewhere in Europe, Kabyle artists began using less traditional instruments and formats. Hassen Zermani's all-electric Takfarinas and Abdelli's work with Peter Gabriel's Real World helped bring Kabyle music to new audiences, while the murder of Matoub Lounes inspired many Kabyles to rally around their popular musicians.
Morocco
Main article: Music of Morocco
There are three varieties of Berber folk music: village and ritual music, and the music performed by professional musicians. Village music is performed collectively for dancing, including ahidus and ahouach dances. Instruments include flutes and drums. These dances begin with a chanted prayer. Ritual music is performed at regular ceremonies to celebrate marriages and other important life events. Ritual music is also used as protection against evil spirits. Professional musicians (imdyazn) travel in groups of four, led by a poet (amydaz). The amydaz performs improvised poems, often accompanied by drums and rabab (a one-stringed fiddle), along with a bou oughanim who plays a double clarinet and acts as a clown for the group.
The Chleuh Berbers have professional musicians called rwais who play in ensembles consisting of lutes, rababs and cymbals, with any number of vocalist. The leader, or rayes, leads the choreography and music of the group. These performances begin with an instrumental astara on rabab, which also gives the notes of the melody which follows. The next phase is the amarg, or sung poetry, and then ammussu, a danced overture, tammust, an energetic song, aberdag, a dance, and finally the rhythmically swift tabbayt. There is some variation in the presentation of the order, but the astara always begins, and the tabbayt always ends.
[edit]Festivals


Fantasia festival, 19th century illustration
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Berber
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Berber people
Fantasia
Imilchil Marriage Festival
Udayn n Acur
[edit]See also

Berbers portal
Amazigh Moroccan Democratic Party
Ancient Libya
Arabized Berber
Barbary Coast
Barbary pirate
Berber Jews
Berber languages
Berber mythology
Berber pantheon
Berberism
Guanches, an indigenous people in the Canary Islands.
Kabylie, a coastal Berber area, inhabited by Kabyles.
List of Imazighen
Masmouda, ancestors of Atlas Chleuhs
Moors
Rif, a coastal Berber area, inhabited by Riffis.
Senhaja, ancestors of Souss Chleuhs.
Sidi Brahim
Tamazgha, Berber name for North Africa.
Tuareg, a Saharan Berber group.
Zenata, ancestors of Riffis and Chaouis.
[edit]References

Brett, Michael; Fentress, Elizabeth (1997) [ISBN 0-631-16852-4], The Berbers (The Peoples of Africa), ISBN 0-631-20767-8 (Pbk)
Ehret, Christopher, The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800, ISBN 0-8139-2084-1
Celenko, Theodore, ed. (December 1996), Egypt In Africa, Indianapolis Museum of Art, ISBN 978-0-253-33269-1
Cabot-Briggs, L. (2009-10-28), "The Stone Age Races of Northwest Africa", American Anthropologist 58 (3): 584–585, DOI:10.1525/aa.1956.58.3.02a00390
Hiernaux, Jean, The people of Africa, People of the world series, ISBN 0-684-14040-3
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2004
Encarta, 2005
Blanc, S. H. (1854), Grammaire de la langue basque (d'apres celle de Larramendi), Lyons & Paris
Cruciani, F; La Fratta, B; Santolamazza; Sellitto; Pascone; Moral; Watson; Guida et al. (May 2004), "Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa", American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 1014–22, DOI:10.1086/386294, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 1181964, PMID 15042509
Entwistle, William J. (1936), The Spanish Language, London, ISBN 0-571-06404-3 (as cited in Michael Harrison's work, 1974.)
Gans, Eric Lawrence (1981), The Origin of Language, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-04202-6
Gèze, Louis (1873) (in French), Eléments de grammaire basque, Beyonne
Hachid, Malika (2001), Les Premiers Berberes, EdiSud, ISBN 2-7449-0227-6
Hagan, Helene E. (2001), The Shining Ones: an Etymological Essay on the Amazigh Roots of Ancient Egyptian Civilisation, XLibris, ISBN 978-0-7388-2567-0
Hagan, Helene E. (2006), Tuareg Jewelry: Traditional Patterns and Symbols, XLibris, ISBN 1-4257-0453-0
Harrison, Michael (1974), The Roots of Witchcraft, Secaucus, N.J.: Citadel Press, ISBN 0-426-15851-2
Hoffman, Katherine E., and Susan Gilson Miller, eds. Berbers and Others: Beyond Tribe and Nation in the Maghrib (Indiana University Press; 2010) 225 pages; scholarly studies of identity, creativity, history, and activism
Hualde, J. I. (1991), Basque Phonology, London & New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-05655-1
Martins, J. P. de Oliveira (1930), A History of Iberian Civilization, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-8154-0300-3
Myles, S; Bouzekri; Haverfield; Cherkaoui; Dugoujon; Ward (Jun 2005), "Genetic evidence in support of a shared Eurasian-North African dairying origin", Human Genetics 117 (1): 34–42, DOI:10.1007/s00439-005-1266-3, ISSN 0340-6717, PMID 15806398
Nebel, A; Landau-Tasseron; Filon; Oppenheim; Faerman (Jun 2002), "Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa", American Journal of Human Genetics 70 (6): 1594–6, DOI:10.1086/340669, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 379148, PMID 11992266
Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1915–1923), Men of the Old Stone Age, New York
Renan, Ernest (1873) [First published Paris, 1858] (in French), De l'Origine du Langage, Paris: La société berbère
Ripley, W. Z. (1899), The Races of Europe, New York: D. Appleton & Co.
Ryan, William; Pitman, Walter (1998), Noah's Flood: The new scientific discoveries about the event that changed history, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-684-81052-2
Saltarelli, M. (1988), Basque, New York: Croom Helm, ISBN 0-7099-3353-3
Semino, O; Magri, PJ; Benuzzi; Lin; Al-Zahery; Battaglia; Maccioni; Triantaphyllidis et al. (May 2004), "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area", American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 1023–34, DOI:10.1086/386295, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 1181965, PMID 15069642
Silverstein, Paul A. (2004), Algeria in France: Transpolitics, Race, and Nation, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-34451-4
David Bensoussan, Il était une fois le Maroc : témoignages du passé judéo-marocain, éd. du Lys, www.editionsdulys.com, Montréal, 2010 (ISBN 2-922505-14-6. Second edition : www.iuniverse.com, Bloomington, IN, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4759-2608-8, 620p. ISBN 978-1-4759-2609-5 (ebook);
[edit]Notes

^ a b Morocco's Berbers Battle to Keep From Losing Their Culture. San Francisco Chronicle. March 16, 2001.
^ Berbers: The Proud Raiders. BBC World Service.
^ Journée d'étude Africa Antiqua sur l'historiographie de l'Afrique du Nord. Voir les remarques de M. Lenoir en fin de compte rendu
^ Ibn Khaldoun, Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale
^ [Abraham Isaac Laredo,Bereberes y Hebreos en Marruecos. Instituto de Estudios Africanos. Madrid 1954]
^ Brett, M.; Fentress, E.W.B. (1996), The Berbers, Blackwell Publishing, pp. 5–6
^ Maddy-weitzman, B. (2006), "Ethno-politics and globalisation in North Africa: The berber culture movement*" (PDF), The Journal of North African Studies 11 (1): 71–84, DOI:10.1080/13629380500409917, retrieved 17 July 2007
^ (French) INALCO report on Central Morocco Tamazight: maps, extension, dialectology, name
^ Mohand Akli Haddadou, Le guide de la culture berbère, Paris Méditerranée, 2000, p.13-14
^ a b Histoire de l'émigration kabyle en France au XXe siècleréalités culturelles ... De Karina Slimani-Direche
^ Google Books
^ Les cultures du Maghreb De Maria Angels Roque, Paul Balta, Mohammed Arkoun
^ Dialogues d'histoire ancienne à l'Université de Besançon, Centre de recherches d'histoire ancienne
^ Les cultures du Maghreb de Maria Angels Roque, Paul Balta et Mohammed Arkoun
^ Abdallah Laroui, The History of the Maghrib (Paris 1970; Princeton 1977) at 17, 60 (re S.W.Asians, referencing the earlier work of Gsell).
^ Camps, Gabriel (1996), Les Berbères, Edisud, pp. 11–14, 65
^ Alessandro Achilli et al, Saami and Berbers—An Unexpected Mitochondrial DNA Link, American Society of Human Genetics, v.76(5), May 2005, Article PMC1199377
^ J. Desanges, "The proto-Berbers" 236-245, at 237, in General History of Africa, v.II Ancient Civilizations of Africa (UNESCO 1990).
^ Mário Curtis Giordani, História da África. Anterior aos descobrimentos (Petrópolis, Brasil: Editora Vozes 1985) at 42-43, 77-78. Giordani references Bousquet, Les Berbères (Paris 1961).
^ The Last Christians Of North-West Africa: Some Lessons For Orthodox Today
^ a b The Berbers, BBC World Service | The Story of Africa
^ "Berbers : ... The best known of them were the Roman author Apuleius, the Roman emperor Septimius Severus, and St. Augustine", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2005, v.3, p.569
^ European slaves in North Africa, Washington Times, 10 March 2004
^ a b Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale De Ibn Khaldūn, William MacGuckin
^ Google Books
^ (French) Google Books
^ Spain - Al Andalus, Library of Congress
^ Kabylia.info
^ Kabylia.info
^ ↑ Rando et al., 1998 ; Brakez et al., 2001 ; Kéfi et al., 2005
^ ↑ Turchi et al. 2009, Polymorphisms of mtDNA control region in Tunisian and Moroccan populations: An enrichment of forensic mtDNA databases with Northern Africa data [archive]
^ ↑ Côrte-Real et al., 1996 ; Macaulay et al., 1999
^ ↑ Fadhlaoui-Zid et al., 2004 ; Cherni et al., 2005 ; Loueslati et al., 2006
^ "Africa: Algeria". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
^ Arredi, Barbara; Poloni, Estella S.; Paracchini, Silvia; Zerjal, Tatiana; Dahmani, M. Fathallah; Makrelouf, Mohamed; Vincenzo, L. Pascali; Novelletto, Andrea et al. (June 7, 2004). "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75 (2): 338–45. DOI:10.1086/423147. PMC 1216069. PMID 15202071. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
^ Stokes, Jamie (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East: L to Z. Infobase Publishing. pp. 21.
^ Willem Adriaan Veenhoven, Winifred Crum Ewing, Stichting Plurale Samenlevingen (1975). Case studies on human rights and fundamental freedoms: a world survey, Volume 1. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 263.
^ Oxford Business Group (2008). The Report: Algeria 2008. Oxford Business Group. pp. 10.
^ Oxford Business Group (2011). The Report: Algeria 2011. Oxford Business Group. pp. 9.
^ Q&A: The Berbers. BBC News.
^ Small rebel victory big moment for persecuted Berber tribes
^ Historical Dictionaries : North Africa
^ Berbers and Blacks: Impressions of Morocco, Timbuktu and Western Sudan, David Prescott Barrows
^ Salem Chaker, Pour une histoire sociale du berbère en France, Les Actes du Colloque Paris - Inalco, octobre 2004
^ Mondeberbere.com
^ Encyclopaedia of the Orient - Ibn Tumart
^ Ross E. Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta - A Muslim Traveler of the 14th century, University of California, 2004 ISBN 0-520-24385-4.
^ "The Donatist Schism. External History." History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. 311-600 CE. [1]
^ Augustine's Letter to the Donatists (Letter 76).
^ Cantor, Norman (1993), The Civilization of the Middle Ages, Harper, p. 74, ISBN 0-06-092553-1
^ Montagu Colvin, Howard. Architecture and the After-life. 1991, page 26
^ ABC Amazigh. An editorial experience in Algeria, 1996-2001 experience, Smaïl Medjeber
^ Elwaten, Hassan Moali, 31 August 2008, to honor the tribe
^ Hadj-Brahim nechat-Member-of-Elwaten, Salima Tlemçani, 18 June 2008
[edit]External links

Amazigh/Berber Culture
The New Mass Media and the Shaping of Amazigh Identity.
Number Systems and Calendars of the Berber Populations of Grand Canary and Tenerife.
Flags of the World -- Berbers/Imazighen.
Imedyazen cultural association (in Berber).
The Genographic Project: Maps ancient human movements via genetic markers
World Haplogroups Maps
Culture Amazighe (Berbère)
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Chaouis Chenouas Chleuhs Guanches Kabyles Mozabites Nafusi people Rifains Siwis Tuareg Zayanes Zouaouas
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Categories: BerberIndigenous peoples of North AfricaHistory of North AfricaHistory of NumidiaEthnic groups in MoroccoEthnic groups in MauritaniaEthnic groups in AlgeriaEthnic groups in LibyaEthnic groups in TunisiaEthnic groups in Western SaharaEthnic groups in MaliEthnic groups in Burkina FasoEthnic groups in NigerEthnic groups in EgyptHistory of IslamMaghrebEthnic groups in the Arab LeagueMuslim communities

قس ترکی استانبولی

Berberiler, bugünkü Mısır, Libya, Tunus, Cezayir ve Fas'ı içine alan Kuzey Afrika'nın bilinen en eski yerli halkıdır. Bazı mağara resimlerinin bulunmuş olması, Berberiler'in bu paleolitik toplulukların soyundan gelmiş olabileceği tezini güçlendirmektedir.


Berberilerinin Bayrağı


Kuzey Afrika da Berbericenin Konuşulduğu Bölgeler

Bu geniş coğrafyada göçebe ya da yarı-göçebe olarak yaşayan eski kabilelerdendir.Kuzey Afrika’ya egemen olan Fenike, Kartaca, Roma, İslam ve Osmanlı kültürlerinden farklı biçimlerde etkilenmiştir.Berberilerin berberice adını verdikleri bir dile sahiptirler.Bu dilin alfabesi bugunku ibraniceye oldukça benzemektedir. (bkz alfabe [6])
Bölgede 7. yüzyılda yaşanan İslam yayılması sırasında İslamiyeti benimsemişlerdir. 12. yüzyıldaki Bedevi yayılması ise bir çok yerleşik Berberi kabilesinin göçebe ya da yarı-göçebe yaşam biçimine geçmesine yol açmıştır.
Kırsal alanlarda Berberi kabilelerin çoğu halen yerleşik yaşam geleneklerini sürdürmekte, kışın alçak düzlüklerde çiftçilik yapmakta, yazın ise yüksek bölgelerdeki otlaklara göçmektedirler. Kentsel kesimde ise genellikle Arap hakimiyeti vardır ve kırsal alandan kopmuş Berberiler kentlerin daha çok dış mahallelerine yerleşmişlerdir.
Genelde yerleşik düzendeki Berberi kabilelerinde toprak ve otlaklar üzerinde özel mülkiyet yoktur. Tarlalar, kur'a ile dağıtılır ve otlaklar ortaklaşa kullanılır. Toprak üzerinde özel mülkiyetin yerleşmiş olduğu kabilelerde ise “fallahin” adı verilen topraksız köylüler, ürünün beşte biri karşılığında işçi olarak çalışırlar. Sayıları 60.000.000 civarıdır.Kuzey afrikada ki Fas,Cezayir,Tunus,Libya dan Güneyde Gineye kadar ulaşan bir alana sahiplerdir.İç afrikada bulunanlar asimili olarak benliklerini yitirmislerdir.Kuzey afrikadakiler ise ülkelerin güneyinde ki çöl alanlarında benliklerini ve kültürlerini sürdürmektedirler.
Resimler [değiştir]


Firavun I. Seti döneminden, bir Berberi Tasviri



Numidya Kralı I. Juda



Tunus



Lalla Fatma N'Soumer



Berberi Süvariler Gösterisinden bir Kare



Fas



Cezayirli Müzisyen Idır

Ayrıca Bakınız [değiştir]

Tuaregler - Vikipedi
Kategori: Berberiler

قس چینی
柏柏尔人是西北非洲的一个说闪含语系柏柏尔语族的民族。实际上柏柏尔人并不是一个单一的民族，它是众多在文化、政治和经济生活相似的部落族人的统称。柏柏尔人这个称呼本来不是柏柏尔人自称的称呼，而是来自拉丁语中的barbari（野蛮人）。在北非有约1400至2500万说柏柏尔语的人，他们主要集中在摩洛哥和阿尔及利亚，少数人群最东部的可以到埃及，最南部的可以到布基纳法索。
柏柏尔语是闪含语系中的一支，由许多非常相近的方言组成，其中包括卡拜爾語等语言，共有约1400万至2500万使用者。
目录 [显示]
[编辑]起源



阿尔及利亚的柏柏尔少女，1888年画
关于柏柏尔人的起源没有定论，但是不同的学科提供一定的线索。
[编辑]遗传学
首先要说明的是群体遗传学还是一个非常年轻的、受争议的科学。这个学科的研究结果认为马格里布地区的非洲人（不论他们自认为是柏柏尔人还是阿拉伯人）主要是源于柏柏尔人，而柏柏尔人的祖先则在旧石器晚期就已经来到这里了。他们似乎是从东非或者中东地区（或者两者均有）迁移过来的。但是近期的迁徙也在柏柏尔人和阿拉伯化的柏柏尔人的基因中留下了痕迹。这些后来的迁徙来自于古意大利人、闪族人、日耳曼人和撒哈拉以南非洲的人。
按照芝加哥大学的鲍什等人2001年的研究[1]“西北非洲人的Y染色体的基因来源可能如下：75%来自于旧石器晚期的西北非洲人（H35、H36和H38）、13%来自新石器时代（H58和H71）、4%来自欧洲（IX组、H50和H52）、8%来自现代撒哈拉以南非洲地区（H22和H28）”。Y染色体是只从父亲继承给儿子的。他们认为“75%旧石器晚期西北非洲人”是来自“可能从东非来的旧石器晚期的移民”。这个数据与伊比利亚半岛上78%的基因来自于西亚成一个非常鲜明的对比。这可能说明对于古代的人来说，直布罗陀海峡是一个非常难以越过的（但并非不可逾越的）阻碍。
美国国立卫生研究院的阿瑞迪等人2004年的研究[2]受到很大的争议。他们认为西北非洲人Y染色体上H71单倍型类群的多样性似乎说明在新石器时代“来自中东的说闪含语系语言的游牧民族进入”。而美国国立卫生研究院的内贝尔等人[3]则反驳说H71反映了“在第1千年裡阿拉伯部落的入迁”。鲍什等人还发现说阿拉伯语的西北非洲人与说柏柏尔语的西北非洲人之间基本上没有区别。他们认为这说明从公元7世纪开始的阿拉伯化和伊斯兰化只不過是一个文化现象，没有同时发生基因被取代的事件。芝加哥大学的克鲁奇安尼等人2004年[4]发现Y染色体上的E-M81单倍型类群与柏柏尔人群联系很大。
与Y染色体相反的，线粒体DNA只由母系传递。根据格拉斯哥大学的马考莱等人1999年的研究[5]“莫扎比特柏柏尔人中三分之一有近东祖先，他们可能于五万年前到达北非。八分之一的人有撒哈拉以南非洲人的祖先。剩下的序列中有不少似乎来自欧洲，其余的不是来自欧洲就是来自近东”。2003年的一个研究认为线粒体DNA中的一个系列很可能来自近东。这个研究认为这个结果与闪含语系的扩张也相符合。
2004年的一个基因调查[6]认为1.05万年前一定的北非单倍型类群扩散，而且一个特别的西北非单倍型类群（U6）可能在三万年前来源于近东。但这个类群保存得不好，在摩洛哥的柏柏尔人中仅占6-8%，在卡比尔柏柏尔人中仅占18%，在莫扎比特柏柏尔人中仅占28%。在1998年的一份调查[7]结果为根据粒線体DNA的数据从撒哈拉以南的非洲进入柏柏尔人的比例今天为21.5%，其中在南部的图阿格雷部落占82%，在北部的里夫山地区只占4%。其它调查[8]支持这个南北梯度。
[编辑]考古学
新石器时代的卡普萨文化在北非出现于约前9500年左右，可能一直维持到前2700年左右。语言学和群体遗传学的线索均显示这个时期是闪含语系在这个地区扩张的时期。从考古学的角度来看卡普萨文化的原始不明。有人认为这个文化是约2.2万年前出现中石器时代文化继续发展而成的，其他人认为两种文化是由不同的人群造成的。对牙齿的研究[9]似乎支持前一种理论。
[编辑]语言学
柏柏尔语是闪含语系的一支。一些语言学家认为这个语系直到一萬兩千年前才產生，而且产生的地方是东非，但也有人认为它是在中东产生的。这个理论认为卡普萨文化是柏柏尔语和／或乍得语族的前人的文化，它是从非洲红海海岸迁徙到西北非洲的。至今为止关于柏柏尔语与闪含语系中的哪个语言最接近还有争议，但一般语言学家认为闪语族或乍得语族是与柏柏尔语最近的。
努比亚语族中有一种语言包含一些柏柏尔语的外来词，这说明柏柏尔语过去的流行范围朝东南方向比今天大。
[编辑]分布和基因成分

对柏柏尔人和与他们住在同一地区的说阿拉伯语的人的形态及其基因组成已经有大量研究了。这些研究说明他们主要均是柏柏尔人的后裔。
[编辑]西北非洲海岸地区
约75%的西北非洲人住在海岸地区。这里的柏柏尔人的撒哈拉以南非洲人的血统最少（约2%左右），欧洲来源的血统最高（约15%左右）。说阿拉伯语的人群中总共约有7%的撒哈拉以南血统。
[编辑]西北非洲内地
住在阿特拉斯山脈和撒哈拉沙漠之间西北非洲内地的人约占西北非洲居民的20%，他们中约20%有撒哈拉以南非洲人的血统。
[编辑]撒哈拉西北非洲人
5%的西北非洲人住在撒哈拉沙漠中，这些人中的撒哈拉南部非洲人的血统也最高，有时占80%至90%。
[编辑]宗教和信仰

柏柏尔人主要是遜尼派穆斯林，主要是马里奇学派的，撒哈拉沙漠北部的柏柏尔人则主要是伊巴底穆斯林。在西部蘇非主義比较普及，在东部比较少见。在大多数地区传统性的崇拜马拉布隐士非常重要。
在他们皈依伊斯兰之前，一些柏柏尔人皈依基督教（往往是多纳图派）或犹太教，其他则继续信仰传统的多神教。在伊斯兰文化的影响下当地产生了一些短暂的混合宗教，最后这些宗教全部被伊斯兰教取代了。
[编辑]历史

有史以来柏柏尔人生活在非洲埃及和大西洋之间的地区。古埃及、古希腊和古罗马的历史纪录中经常提到他们。最早提到柏柏尔人的纪录来自于古埃及前王朝時期。在新王國時期，埃及人与他们西部边境上的部落争战。许多埃及学家认为约从前945年开始，希沙克一世领导的柏柏尔人建立了第二十二王朝。此后埃及长期受柏柏尔人统治，但也有人认为这些入侵者是努比亚人。长时期裡他们是西部沙漠地区最主要的居民。拜占庭帝国的文献经常抱怨他们袭击当地偏远的修道院。
在历史上，非洲北部曾多次被入侵和殖民。腓尼基（奠定了迦太基）、希腊人（主要在利比亚）、罗马人、汪达尔人、阿兰人、拜占庭、奥斯曼帝国、法国、西班牙均曾入侵非洲北部。几乎所有这些入侵者都给予柏柏尔人一定的影响。始终也有欧洲人被当作奴隶贩卖给柏柏尔人（有人估计[10]奥斯曼帝国时期有125万欧洲人被带到北非）。与撒哈拉以南的非洲人之间的交往也给柏柏尔人留下了影响。
在有史时期中柏柏尔人向南扩张，进入撒哈拉沙漠，取代了当地的黑人人群如索宁克人等。与此同时，尤其是在11世纪班纽希拉尔部落的入侵中，在北部他们在文化上大部分被阿拉伯人同化了。
非洲北部柏柏尔人保存了他们的语言和传统的地区一般是最少受到外部影响的地区，尤其是卡拜利和摩洛哥的高地上。这些地区在罗马和奥斯曼时期大多数保持了它们的独立，而腓尼基往往在这些地区的海岸也没有立脚。不过这些地区也不是完全没有受到外界的影响，尤其法国的入侵也涉及到了这些地区。尤其在撒哈拉沙漠另外一个重要的外部影响是欧洲商人组织的从西非跨大西洋的勞力贸易。
[编辑]伊斯兰扩张
与此前的宗教和文化的入侵不同的是，由阿拉伯人带来的伊斯兰教对非洲西北部有长久和持续的影响。伊斯兰教不同的形式渗透了社会几乎所有的方面，它带来的军队、学者和神秘主义取代了大多数部落的宗教，造成了新的社会标准和政治教条。
虽然如此，这个地区的伊斯兰化和阿拉伯化是一个漫长和复杂的过程。虽然游牧的柏柏尔人很快就皈依了伊斯兰教并帮助阿拉伯入侵者，但一直到12世纪阿尔摩哈德王朝时基督教和犹太教社群才缩小到微不足道的地步。
最早到达非洲西北部的阿拉伯军事远征是在642年和669年，它们带来了伊斯兰教。这些从埃及的基地出发的远征是出于地方军官的命令，而不是从中央哈里发明令的。哈里发的首都从麦迪那移到大马士革后，倭马亚王朝认识到要控制地中海的话，需要集中兵力入侵北非。670年阿拉伯军队在烏克巴·伊本·納菲的领导下在今天的突尼斯以南160千米处建立了凯鲁万作为下一步行动的基地。
纳菲的继承人继续向西推进，进驻阿尔及利亚，最后他与信基督教的柏柏尔人联盟的统治者达成了一个暂行架构。柏柏尔人同意皈依伊斯兰教，并将其首都从特莱姆森移到离凯鲁万比较近的塔基万（Takirwan）。
但这个和平维持不长。直到697年阿拉伯人和柏柏尔人交替控制这个地区。711年倭马亚王朝在皈依伊斯兰的柏柏尔人的帮助下占据了整个北非。倭马亚王朝哈里发委任的总督的首府在凯鲁万，它是新建立的伊夫利卡省的省会。这个省由黎波里塔尼亚（今天利比亚的西部）、突尼西亚和东阿尔及利亚组成。
但是伊斯兰教在柏柏尔人当中的传播并没有保证他们支持阿拉伯人控制的哈里发国。阿拉伯人对柏柏尔人加重税、对待他们就像对待二等穆斯林一样、而且还奴役他们，这使得柏柏尔人非常反对阿拉伯人。在伊斯兰出走派的旗帜下，柏柏尔人于739年至740年发生暴动。出走派伊斯兰反对倭马亚王朝，在哈里发国的东部抵抗倭马亚王朝，并且宣扬不论其种族、级别、是否先知穆罕默德的后人，任何合适的穆斯林均可以成为哈里发。这对柏柏尔人非常有号召力。
暴动后出走派在当地建立了许多神权的部落王国。大多数这些王国都很短命和困难重重。一些位于重要商路上的王国如特莱姆森则比较繁茂和强大。750年阿拔斯王朝取代倭马亚王朝后，哈里发国的首都转移到巴格达。阿拔斯王朝重建了它在北非的统治。当地驻于凯鲁万的总督虽然名义上是由哈里发派驻的，但实际上至909年为止他们形成了一个世袭的王朝，享有独立的权利。他们的宫廷成为一个学习和文化的中心。
在其西部从塔赫特至阿尔及利亚西南从761年至909年是一个由一位被市民领袖选举出来的伊巴底出走派阿訇统治的地区。这位统治的阿訇必须具有诚实、怜悯和公正等名声。这个位于塔赫特的宫廷支持数学、天文学、占星术、神学和法学的学者。但是他们未能组织一支可靠的常驻军，这个错误以及后来其统治者陷入奢侈为后来法蒂玛王朝战败塔赫特统治者提供了条件。
[编辑]安达卢斯
711年进入伊比利亚半岛的穆斯林主要是柏柏尔人，他们的首领塔里克·伊本·利雅德就是一个柏柏尔人。不过下达命令的是大马士革的哈里发瓦利德一世和他在北非的总督。712年一支阿拉伯人和柏柏尔人混合组成的军队增援。据说伊比利亚半岛的穆斯林中，柏柏尔人占66%。另外据说他们帮助倭马亚王朝的哈里发阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼一世征服安达卢斯是因为该哈里发的母亲是一个柏柏尔人。泰法时期的众多小王国的来源各不相同，但是一些是柏柏尔人统治的，比如格拉納達的日里德王朝就是柏柏尔人。来自今天的西撒哈拉和毛里塔尼亚的柏柏尔人的阿尔摩拉维德王朝征服安达卢斯，结束了这个混乱时期。此后源自摩洛哥的阿尔摩哈德王朝统治安达卢斯。在这段时期裡，安达卢斯非常兴旺。
在安达卢斯的阶层中，柏柏尔人的地位介乎阿拉伯贵族和平民阶层之间。民族之间的竞争是安达卢斯政治的因素之一。
哈里发国分裂后，托莱多、马拉加、巴达霍斯和格拉納達的国王均是柏柏尔人。
[编辑]今日



柏柏尔人在非洲西北部的分布
今天柏柏尔人主要居住在摩洛哥（约占总人数的35%至60%）和阿尔及利亚（约占总人数的15%至33%）以及利比亚和突尼斯。以上数据就可以看得出目前缺乏精确的统计数据。大多数自以为是阿拉伯人的北非人有很多柏柏尔人的血统。重要的柏柏尔人人群有阿尔及利亚北部的卡比尔人，他们有约400万人，基本保持了他们原来的语言和文化。摩洛哥南部有约800万柏柏尔人。其它柏柏尔人部落有摩洛哥北部的里夫人和萨哈拉沙漠中的图阿格雷部落。此外还有约300万柏柏尔人移居欧洲，其中主要是移居法国和荷兰的里夫人和卡比尔人。加那利群岛的一些居民源于关契斯人，一般认为他们本来是柏柏尔人。他们的一些习俗（比如吃科菲）可能是来自柏柏尔人的。
虽然许多人以为柏柏尔人是游牧民族，但实际上大多数柏柏尔人是传统的农民。他们住在地中海岸附近的山裡或者沙漠的绿洲裡。南萨哈拉的图阿格雷部落和泽纳加部落是游牧民，也有些部落是半游牧民。
在过去数十年中一些柏柏尔人部落（尤其卡拜爾人）与北非的政府之间爆发矛盾，部分由于语言和文化问题。比如在摩洛哥孩子不能使用柏柏尔名字。
[编辑]北非独立国家的状况
9世纪以前非洲西北部主要是柏柏尔人地区。班纽希拉尔的到来促使阿拉伯化进展迅速。埃及的法蒂玛王朝派遣班纽希拉尔进入这个地区作为对柏柏尔人放弃什叶派的惩罚。很快大多数平原地区都被班纽希拉尔占据，柏柏尔人只剩下了少数海岸城市。他们的入驻也导致过去许多农业地区被放弃，游牧被推广。
北非国家独立后很快就设立阿拉伯语为官方语言来取代法语（利比亚是唯一的例外）。今天用阿拉伯语取代法语的过程依然在进行。大多数柏柏尔人必须学和懂阿拉伯语，他们在学校和大学裏无法使用他们的母语。这可能会加速柏柏尔人的阿拉伯化，尤其在使用双语言的地区这个过程非常迅速。
非洲西北部国家独立后，长时间裡政府忽视或者故意缩小柏柏尔文化的存在以及其文化的特殊性。但是近年来在有些国家情况有所好转。摩洛哥和阿尔及利亚改变了它们的政策，阿尔及利亚将自己定义为“阿拉伯人的和柏柏尔人的穆斯林国家”。
在阿尔及利亚，柏柏尔语被定为官方语言之一，在一些柏柏尔人居住区裏它是学校裏的必修语言。在摩洛哥，柏柏尔语虽然不是官方语言，但在全國是必修语言。
柏柏尔人在北非国家中并不因为他们的民族和语言而被歧视。只要他们同意政府政策，他们可以在社会上获得很高的地位。比如前阿尔及利亚总统拉明·泽鲁阿勒和现任摩洛哥总理德里斯·杰图、利比亚前领导人穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲都是柏柏尔人。在阿尔及利亚军队中柏柏尔人的比例也比较高。近年来甚至公开支持柏柏尔民族主义的政治家也有机会在政治中获得比较高的地位，比如女权主义和柏柏尔民族主义政治家卡丽达·图米成为阿尔及利亚的文化部长。
[编辑]注释

^ http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v68n4/002582/002582.html
^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15202071
^ http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=379148#RF17
^ http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v74n5/40866/40866.html
^ http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/~vincent/papers/980656.web.pdf
^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15180702
^ http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v68n4/002582/002582.html
^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15204363
^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11006048
^ http://www.washtimes.com/national/20040310-115506-8528r.htm
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