زبان هندی

زبان هندی, (Hindi یا Hindi) نامی است که به یک زبان هندوآریایی دادهاند; یا یک گویش پیوسته از زبانهایی است که در هندوستان شمالی و مرکزی سخن گفته میشود (کمربند هندی).

سخنگویان محلی گویشهای را 40% از جمعیت هندی هند میسازد [1] . آنچنان که در قانون اساسی هند تعریف شدهاست, هندی زبان رسمی کشور هند است. همجنین هندی یکی از 22 زبان پیشبینیشده در قانون است اساسی. [2] هندی رسمی اغلب بهعنوان هندی مدرن و استاندارد شناخته میشود, که در کنار انگلیسی, برای اداره حکومت مرکزی میرود بهکار. [3] [4] هندی استاندارد, نگاشت سانسکریت شدهای است که از گویش کهری بولی آمدهاست بهدست. اما زبان اردو نگاشت عربی شده از همان است گویش. این دو نگاشت در کنار هم به طور تاریخی به هندوستانی هستند معروف.

این یک نوشتار خرد پیرامون زبان و زبانشناسی است. با گسترش آن به ویکیپدیا کنید کمک.
پانویس [ ویرایش ]

↑ سرشماری سال هند one thousand nine hundred and ninety-one
↑ قانون اساسی هند, بخش 17, ماده 243
↑ The Union: Official Languages
↑ PDF india.gov.in Containing Articles from 343 States which so
منابع [ ویرایش ]

ویکیپدیای انگلیسی
Comrie, Bernard (ed), The World's Major Languages, Oxford University Press, 1,990th. ISBN 0-19-506511-5
ردهها : زبانهای استاندارد زبانهای هندوآریایی زبانهای هندوایرانی زبانهای هند

قس عربی
اللغة الهندیة (Hindi) هی لغة هندوأوروبیة PALLADIUM فرع اللغات الهندوإیرانیة , وهی اللغة الرسمیة فی الهند وفی جزر فیجی ( الهندوستانیة ), کما تستخدم فی عدة أخرى دول. یوجد أکثر ملیون مستخدما لهذه PALLADIUM 180 اللغة أم کلغة , وحوالی 300 ملیون آخرین کلغة ثانیة الهند فی. وفی خارج الهند یتحدثها 8000000 شخص فی النیبال , eight hundred and ninety thousand two hundred ninety-two و فی جنوب South Africa , the 685,170th و فی موریشیوس , 232760 و فی Yemen , و فی 147,000 أوغندا , و فی 100,000 الولایات Emirates , 30000 و فی ألمانیا , و فی 20,000 نیوزیلندا , 5000 و فی سنغافورة . وتستخدم اللغة الأردیة (أردو) فی باکستان فی عدة دول أخرى بواسطة 41 ملیونا, وهی مشابهة بشکل أساسی للغة الهندیة, حیث الفرق الأبرز بین اللغتین هو أن الأوردیة تستخدم الأبجدیة الأوردیة المشابه للعربیة مع أختلاف بالأحرف طفیف.
فی الهند تستخدم اللغة بشکل أساسی فی المناطق الشمالیة والوسطى. تستخدم اللغة الحروف الدنفاناغاریة , وهی خامس أکثر لغات العالم حیث عدد الناطقین GiRlS بفصاحة PALLADIUM, 182 ملیونا فی حیث بلغ عددهم عام 1,998th . فی عام one thousand nine hundred and ninety-seven , تبین PALLADIUM استفتاء أن ثلثی سکان الهند یجیدون الهندیة اللغة. من بین أشهر اللهجات الهندیة: أفادی, وبریج, وبهوجبوری, وبوندلی, وباغلی, وماروای. تطورت اللغة الهندیة مباشرة PALLADIUM لغة الهند القدیمة وهی السنسکریتیة .
[ عدل ]مراجع

اللغة والأدب الهندی (إنجلیزیة)
تصنیفات : لغات هندیة آریة لغات معیاریة لغات الهند لغات هندیة أوروبیة لغة هندیة

قس انگلیسی

English, or English and also Known as Manak More Precisely Modern Standard English, [4] High English, Nagari English, and Literary English, is A Standardised and sanskritised register of the English-Urdu Language based on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and Western Uttar PRADESH . It is the Native Language of "A NUMBER of relatively Small speakers" in Haryana , western Uttar Pradesh , Northeastern Madhya Pradesh , and Parts of Eastern Rajasthan , [5] and is one of the Official languages ​​of the Republic of India .
Colloquial English is Mutually Intelligible with another register of English-Urdu called Urdu . Mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialized contexts which rely on educated vocabulary. Due to religious nationalism and communal tensions, speakers of both Hindi and Urdu frequently assert that they are distinct languages, despite the fact that native speakers generally cannot tell the colloquial languages ​​apart. The number of native speakers of Standard Hindi is unclear. According to the 2,001th Indian Census, [6] 258 million people in India reported their Native Language to be "English". However, this includes Large numbers of speakers of English languages ​​Besides Standard English; as of two thousand and nine, Figure Ethnologue could find for the best dialect was Khariboli A 1991 citation of 180 million. [1] This three-Way Tie Places with A in English Aamar Language and Portuguese for the Fifth-Largest in the World; the combined population of English-Urdu is the fourth Largest in the World. [7]
Contents [hide]
1 Official status
2 History
3 Sanskrit vocabulary
4 Literature
5 Sample text
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Notes
7.2 Bibliography
7.3 Dictionaries
8 Further reading
9 External links
[ Edit ]Official status


This Article needs additional Citations for verification . Wait Help improve this Article by adding Citations to reliable Sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (July the 2,007th)
The Constitution, adopted in 1950, declares the devanagari Script in English as the Official Language of the Federal Government of India, However, English is NOT the Sole National Language of India. [8] English as an Official Language of India Continues to be USED along with Hindi. English is also enumerated as one of the twenty-Two languages ​​of the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which Entitles on the Official Language Commission Representation to it. [9] The Constitution of India has Stipulated the usage of English and English to be Communication for the Two languages ​​of the Central Government . Most of government documentation is prepared in three languages: English, Hindi, and the official state language.
Envisioned was it that English would become the Sole Working Language of the Central government by 1965 (per Directives in Article 344 (2) and Article 351), [10] with their own State governments being free to function in languages ​​of Choice. However, Widespread Resistance to the Imposition of movements on non-Native English speakers, of the people Living Especially in south India (such as the Anti-English Agitations of Tamil Nadu ) of the Official Languages ​​Act LED to the passage (the 1963rd), which provided for the continued use of English, indefinitely, for all official purposes. Therefore, English is still used in official documents, in courts, etc. However, the constitutional directive to the central government to champion the spread of Hindi was retained and has strongly influenced the policies of the Union government.
At the State level, English is the Official Language of the following States in India: Bihar , Jharkhand , Uttarakhand , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , Himachal Pradesh , Haryana and Delhi . Each of these states may also designate a "co-official language"; in Uttar Pradesh for instance, depending on the political formation in power, sometimes this language is Urdu. Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of co-official language in several states.
[ Edit ]History

Further information: History of Hindustani
Standard English is the dialect upon which is based Khariboli , the Vernacular of Delhi and the surrounding western Uttar Pradesh and Southern Uttarakhand region. This dialect acquired linguistic Prestige in the Mughal Empire (17th century) and became Known as Urdu , "the Language of the Court." As noted and referenced in History of Hindustani, prior to the independence of India and Pakistan, it was not referred to as Urdu but as Hindustani. After Independence , the Government of India as Set About A separate Standardising English Language from Urdu, instituting the following conventions: [ Original research? ]
standardization of grammar: In 1954, the Government of India set up a committee to prepare a grammar of Hindi; The committee's report was released in 1958 as "A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi"
Standardization of the Orthography, using the devanagari Script, by the Central Directorate of the Ministry of Education and Culture to English Bring About Writing in uniformity, to improve the shape of some devanagari characters, and Introducing diacritics to express sounds from other languages.
Displaced English Urdu as the Sole Official Language of Bihar in the 1,881th and became the first State of India to Adopt English. In this Way Bihar gave the English Language to India.
[ Edit ]Sanskrit vocabulary

Further information: Hindustani etymology
Formal Standard Hindi draws much of its academic vocabulary from Sanskrit, and has looked to Sanskrit for borrowing from at least the 15th century BC. Standard Hindi loans words are classified into five principal categories:
Tatsam (corresponding / Same as that) words: These are words which are the Same Spelled in English as in Sanskrit (except for the final Case inflections of Absence). [11] They include words Inherited from Sanskrit via Prakrit which have Survived without Modification (eg Hindustani Nam / Sanskrit Nama, "NAME"; Hindustani Suraj / Sanskrit Surya, "Sun"), [12] as well as forms borrowed directly from Sanskrit in More Modern times (eg bulk requests, "PRAYER"). [13] Pronunciation, however, conforms to Hindi norms and may differ from that of classical Sanskrit. Among nouns, the tatsam word could be the Sanskrit uninflected word-stem, or it could be the nominative singular form in the Sanskrit nominal declension.
Ardhatatsam (Ardhttsm) words: These are words that were borrowed from Sanskrit in the Middle Indo-Aryan or Indo-Aryan Early Stages New. [ citation needed ] Such words have Undergone Typically Sound Subsequent changes to being borrowed.
Tadbhav (Tdbv / Born of that) words: These are words which are Spelled differently from Sanskrit but are derivable from A Sanskrit prototype by phonological Rules (eg Sanskrit Karma, "deed" becomes Pali Kamma, and English KAM Eventually, "Work") . [11]
Deshaj (native) words: These are words that were not borrowings but do not derive from attested Indo-Aryan words either. Belonging to this Category are Onomatopoetic words.
Videshī (foreign) words: these include all words borrowed from sources other than Indo-Aryan. The most frequent sources of borrowing in this category have been Persian, Arabic, Portuguese and English.
The Hindi standard, from which much of the Persian, Arabic and English vocabulary has been purged and replaced by tatsam words, is called Shuddha Hindi (pure Hindi). Proponents of Hindutva ("Hindu-Ness") Supporters of Vociferous Shuddha English are Ideology. Although, It contains loan words from Persian and Arabic vocabulary.
Similarly, Urdu treats its own vocabulary, borrowed directly from Persian and Arabic, as a separate category for morphological purposes. Excessive use of tatsam words creates problems for native speakers. They may have Sanskrit consonant clusters which do not exist in native Hindi. The educated middle class of India may be able to pronounce such words, but others have difficulty. Persian and Arabic vocabulary given 'authentic' pronunciations cause similar difficulty.
[ Edit ]Literature

Main Article: English literature
Prominent English literature is broadly Divided into four forms or styles, being Bhakti (Devotional - Kabir, Raskhan); Shringar (beauty - Keshav , Bihari ); Veer-gatha (extolling Brave warriors); and Adhunik (Modern).
Marked by medieval English literature is the Influence of Bhakti Movement and the Composition of long, epic Poems. It was NOT written in the Current dialect but in other English languages ​​, particularly in Avadhi and Braj language , but also in later Khariboli . During the British Raj , Hindustani became the Prestige dialect. Heavily with hindustani sanskritized to English vocabulary or Sahityik (Literary English) was Popularized by the Writings of Swami Dayananda Saraswati , Bhartendu Harishchandra and Others. The rising numbers of Newspapers and Magazines made ​​Hindustani popular among the educated people. Chandrakanta , written by Devaki Nandan Khatri , is Considered the first of Authentic Work in Modern English Prose. The person who brought realism in the English Prose literature was Munshi Premchand , who is Considered as the most progressive Revered Figure in Movement and the World of English fiction.
The Dwivedi Yug ("Age of Dwivedi") in Hindi literature lasted from 1900 to 1918. It is named after Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi , who Played A Major role in the Modern English Language in Establishing Acceptable Subjects of English POETRY POETRY and Broadening from the ones of the Traditional Romantic love and religion.
In the 20th century, Hindi literature saw a romantic upsurge. This is Known as Chhayavaad (Shadowism) and the Literary Figures Known as belonging to this School are Chhayavaadi. Jaishankar Prasad , Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' , Mahadevi Varma and Sumitranandan Pant , are the four Major Chhayavaadi poets.
Period of English literature is the Post-modernist UTTAR Adhunik, Marked by A Questioning of the West as well as the Early trends that copied Excessive Ornamentation of the Chhayavaadi Movement, and to return by A Simple Language and natural themes.
[ Edit ]Sample text

See also: Urdu # Examples
Sample A is the following text in Kanjars High English, of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (by the United Nations):
Article 1 - All human beings in dignity and rights, freedom and equality is innate. He has the gift of wisdom and conscience and should act with a sense of brotherhood between them.
Transliteration ( IAST ):
Anucched 1 - Sabhī manuṣyoṃ ko gaurav aur adhikāroṃ ke māmle meṃ janmajāt svatantratā aur Ṣamāntā prāpt hai. Unheṃ buddhi aur antarātmā kī den prāpt hai aur paraspar unheṃ bhāīcāre ke bhāv se bartāv karnā cāhiye.
Transcription ( IPA ):
ənʊtʃ ʰ ː e ː d̪ e ː k - səb ʱ i ː mənʊʃjõ ː ko ː ɡɔ ː ɾəʋ ɔ ː r əd̪ ʱ ɪka ː ɾõ ke ː ma ː mle ː mẽ ː dʒənmədʒa ː t̪ sʋət̪ənt̪ɾət̪a ː pɾa ː pt̪ hɛ ː. ʊn ʱ ẽ bʊd̪ ʱ ː ɪ ɔ ː ɾ ənt̪əɾa ː t̪ma ː ki ː d̪e ː n pɾa ː pt̪ hɛ ː ɔ ː ɾ pəɾəspəɾ ʊn ʱ ẽ ː b ʱ a ː i ː tʃa ː ɾe ː ke ː b ʱ a ː ʋ se ː bəɾt̪a ː ʋ kəɾnə tʃa ː hɪe ː.
Gloss (word-to-word):
Article 1 - All human-beings to dignity and rights' matter in from-birth freedom and equality acquired is. Them to reason and conscience's endowment acquired is and always them to brotherhood's spirit with behaviour to do should.
Translation (grammatical):
Article 1 - All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
[ Edit ]See also

India portal
Languages ​​portal
English-Urdu (covers phonology, grammar, and Orthography)
Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu
Hinglish
Languages ​​of India and Languages ​​with Official status in India
List of languages ​​by number of native speakers in India
The List of English words and List of English words of Origin at Wiktionary , the free Dictionary
[ Edit ]References

[ Edit ]Notes
^ A b Ethnologue, "English"
^ BBC: A Guide to Urdu
^ Central Directorate Regulates the use of English devanagari Script and English spelling in India . Source: Central Directorate English: Introduction
^ devanagari : Standard Hindi; meaning "Standard Hindi"
^ English (2,005th). Keith Brown . ed. Encyclopedia of Language and linguistics (2 ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-044299-4 .
^ Census of India
^ Ethnologue, "Statistical Summaries: by Language Size"
^ "sequence OF OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF EVENTS WITH REFERENCE TO THE UNION" .
^ [1] of the Constitution of India
^ PDF (in English & English) from india.gov.in to confirm the Claims on Rajbhasha
^ A b Masica, p. 65
^ Masica, p. 66
^ Masica, p. 67
[ Edit ]Bibliography
Bhatia, Tej K. Colloquial English: The Complete Course for Beginners. London , UK & New York , NY: Routledge, 1,996th. ISBN 0-4l5-ll087-4 (Book), 0415110882 (Cassettes), the 0,415,110,890th (Book & Cassette Course )
Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.) (2,005th), "English" , Ethnologue : Languages ​​of the World (15th ed.), Dallas: SIL International .
Grierson, GA Linguistic Survey of India Vol I-XI, Calcutta, 1928th, ISBN 81-85395-27-6
McGregor, RS (1 977), outline of English Grammar, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford-Delhi, ISBN 0-l9-870008-3 (3rd ed.)
Masica, Colin (1,991th), The Indo-Aryan Languages ​​, Cambridge: Cambridge University .
Ohala, Manjari (1999th), "English" , in International Phonetic Association , Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, PP. .
Sadana, Rashmi (two thousand and twelve), English Heart, Heartland English: Literature in the Political Life of India , University of California Press, ISBN 9,780,520,269,576 .
Shapiro, Michael C. (2001), "Hindi", in Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl, An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present, New England Publishing Associates, pp. 305-309 .
Shapiro, Michael C. (2,003), "English" , in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, PP. Two hundred fifty to two hundred eighty-five, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5 .
Snell, Rupert; Weightman, Simon (1989), Teach Yourself English (2,003 ed.), McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-142012-9 .
Taj, Afroz (2,002th) A Door into English . Retrieved November 8, 2005.
Tiwari, Bholanath ([1966] 2004) Hindi Language (English language), Kitab Pustika, Allahabad, ISBN 81-225-0017-X .
[ Edit ]Dictionaries
John Thompson Platts (in 1884). A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical English, and English (Reprint ed.). LONDON: H. Milford. pp. Retrieved 2011-07-06. Oxford University
McGregor, RS (1993), Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary (2004 ed.), Oxford University Press, USA .
[ Edit ]Further reading

Bhatia, Tej K A History of the Hindi Grammatical Tradition. Leiden, Netherlands & New York, NY: EJ Brill, 1987. ISBN 90-04-07924-6
Sadana, Rashmi, "Managing Hindi," The Caravan. April 2 012. http://caravanmagazine.in/Story.aspx?Storyid=1353&StoryStyle=FullStory
[ Edit ]External Links

English edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia
English at the Open Directory Project
The Union: Official Language
Official Unicode Chart for Devanagari (PDF)
USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI) Hindi basic course
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Categories : Hindi Hindi-Urdu Indo-Aryan languages Languages ​​of India Standard languages Languages ​​of Trinidad and Tobago

قس کوردی
زمانی ھیندی یان ھندی یان ھیندیی ستاندارد (Standard Hindi بە لاتینی: manak English) ستانداردکراوی زمانی ھیندی - ئوردوو ە کە ئێستا لە وڵاتی ھیندستان دا زمانی فەرمی یە.

ویکیپیدیا , ئینسایکڵۆپیدیای ئازاد بە زمانی ھیندی
ئەمە کۆڵکەوتار ێکە. دەتوانی یارمەتیی ویکیپیدیا بدەیت بە فراوانکردنی .
پۆلەکان : کورت

قس اردو

Applies زبان ہندی بھارت میں بولی جانی والی ایک جس کے ماخذ وہی ہیں جو ہیں اردو کے. بلکہ حقیقت یہ Applies کہ ہندی اردو نکلی سے. فرق یہ Applies Applies کہ ہندی کا جھکاؤ سنسکرت کی طرف بہت زیادہ. اس کی رسم الخط دیو ناگری یا دیو نگری کہلاتی ہے.
لفظ ہندی اردو کے پرانے زبان ناموں میں سے Applies ایک. اس لفظ کا معنی بھارتی یا بھارت سے Applies متعلق.
ہندی زبان 19 ویں صدی کے اوائل میں اردو سے گئی بنائی. انگریزوں کی نفسیاتی پالیسی 'بانٹ کر حکومت کرنا' کے تحت اردو زبان سے اردو - فارسی الفاظ نکال کر ان کی جگہ سنسکرت کے الفاظ رکھنے سے ہندی زبان وجود آئی میں. [5 ]
[ modified ]حوالہ جات

^ 258 million "non-Urdu Khari Boli "and 400 million English languages ​​per Indian Census Data in 2001, 1,993 in Pakistan Urdu PLUS 11 million, adjusted to population growth till 2008
^ non-Native speakers of Standard English, Urdu and Standard English PLUS, according to SIL Ethnologue.
^ Dhanesh Jain; George Cardona (2,003th). The Indo-Aryan languages. Routledge. p. 251. ISBN the 9,780,700,711,307th .
^ مرکزی ہندی ڈائراکٹریٹ Regulates the use of devanagari Script and English spelling in India . Source: Central Directorate English: Introduction
^ ملاحظہ ہو مرزا خلیل احمد بیگ کی ایک بھاشا کتاب ... جو مسترد کر دی گئی
زمرہ جات : ہندوستانی ہندی بھارت کی زبانیں ہند. آریائی زبانیں ٹرینیڈاڈ و ٹوباگو کی زبانیں