خرنا خیرونا جیرونا

خِرُنا (اسپانیایی: Gerona کاتالان: Girona ژیرُنا خوانده می‌شود) مرکز استان خرنای اسپانیا است. جمعیت آن ۸۶٫۶۷۲ نفر و مساحتش ۳۹ کیلومتر مربع است.
محتویات [نمایش]
تاریخ [ویرایش]

فرهنگ [ویرایش]

اقتصاد [ویرایش]

مراجع [ویرایش]

مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا، «خرنا»، ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، دانشنامهٔ آزاد (بازیابی در ۱۳ فوریه ۲۰۰۸).
پانویس [ویرایش]

این یک نوشتار خُرد پیرامون اسپانیا است. با گسترش آن به ویکی‌پدیا کمک کنید.
رده‌ها: مناطق مسکونی در استان خروناجوامع تاریخی یهودیتشهرهای اسپانیا

قس عربی

جیرونا مدینة تقع فی قطلونیا شرقی إسبانیا. یبلغ عدد سکان المدینة 86.672 (2005) نسمة بینما یبلغ عدد سکان المقاطعة 664.506 نسمة.
هذه بذرة مقالة عن موقع جغرافی فی إسبانیا تحتاج للنمو والتحسین، فساهم فی إثرائها بالمشارکة فی تحریرها.
هذه بذرة مقالة عن الأندلس تحتاج للنمو والتحسین، ساهم فی إثرائها بالمشارکة فی تحریرها.

هناک المزید من الصور والملفات فی ویکیمیدیا کومنز حول: خیرونا
تصنیفان: مدن إسبانیاأماکن مأهولة بالسکان فی خیرونا

قس انگلیسی

Girona (Catalan pronunciation: [ʒiˈɾonə]; Spanish: Gerona [xeˈɾona]) is a city in the northeast of Catalonia, Spain at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Güell, with an official population of 96,722 in January 2011. It is the capital of the province of the same name and of the comarca of the Gironès. It is located 99 km (62 mi) northeast of Barcelona. Girona is one of the major Catalan cities.

Contents [show]
[edit]History

The first historical inhabitants in the region were Iberians; Girona is the ancient Gerunda, a city of the Ausetani. Later, the Romans built a citadel there, which was given the name of Gerunda. The Visigoths ruled in Girona until it was conquered by the Moors. Finally, Charlemagne reconquered it in 785 and made it one of the fourteen original countships of Catalonia. Thus it was wrested temporarily from the Moors, who were driven out finally in 1015. Wilfred the Hairy incorporated Girona into the countship of Barcelona in 878. Alfonso I of Aragón declared Girona to be a city in the 11th century. The ancient countship later became a duchy (1351) when King Peter III of Aragon gave the title of Duke to his first-born son, John. In 1414, King Ferdinand I in turn gave the title of Prince of Girona to his first-born son, Alfonso. The title is currently carried by Prince Felipe, Prince of Asturias, the first since the 16th century to do so.



Unofficial flag of Girona.
The 12th century saw a flourishing of the Jewish community of Girona, with one of the most important Kabbalistic schools in Europe. The Rabbi of Girona, Moshe ben Nahman Gerondi (better known as Nahmanides or Ramban) was appointed Great Rabbi of Catalonia. The history of the Jewish community of Girona ended in 1492, when the Catholic Kings expelled all the Jews from Catalonia. Today, the Jewish ghetto or Call is one of the best preserved in Europe and is a major tourist attraction. On the north side of the old city is the Montjuïc (or hill of the Jews in medieval Catalan), where an important religious cemetery was located.



Girona Bridge
Girona has undergone twenty-five sieges and been captured seven times. It was besieged by the French royal armies under Charles de Monchy d'Hocquincourt in 1653, under Bernardin Gigault de Bellefonds in 1684, and twice in 1694 under Anne Jules de Noailles. In May 1809, it was besieged by 35,000 French Napoleonic troops under Vergier, Augereau and St. Cyr, and held out obstinately under the leadership of Alvarez until disease and famine compelled it to capitulate, 12 December. Finally, the French conquered the city in 1809, after 7 months of siege. Girona was center of the Ter department during the French rule, which lasted from 1809 to 1813. The defensive city walls were demolished at the end of the 19th century to allow for the expansion of the city. In recent years, the missing parts of the city walls on the eastern side of the city have been reconstructed. Called the Passeig de la Muralla it now forms a tourist route around the old city.

[edit]Climate

Girona has a mild climate. In winter temperatures can drop to below −5 °C (23 °F) sometimes due to winds coming from the Pyrenees. In the summer temperatures often soar to about 30–40 °C (86–104 °F) in the high season of July and August. Rain is common in winter and spring and thunderstorms often occur. Frost is common in winter, making temperatures seem colder than they actually are.

[hide]Climate data for Girona Airport
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0) 13.9
(57.0) 16.2
(61.2) 17.8
(64.0) 21.6
(70.9) 25.4
(77.7) 29.2
(84.6) 29.0
(84.2) 25.7
(78.3) 20.9
(69.6) 16.0
(60.8) 13.4
(56.1) 20.2
(68.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4) 8.0
(46.4) 10.0
(50.0) 11.8
(53.2) 15.8
(60.4) 19.6
(67.3) 22.9
(73.2) 22.9
(73.2) 19.8
(67.6) 15.3
(59.5) 10.4
(50.7) 7.8
(46.0) 14.3
(57.7)
Average low °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8) 2.0
(35.6) 3.9
(39.0) 5.8
(42.4) 10.0
(50.0) 13.9
(57.0) 16.7
(62.1) 16.8
(62.2) 14.0
(57.2) 9.7
(49.5) 4.8
(40.6) 2.1
(35.8) 8.4
(47.1)
Precipitation mm (inches) 65
(2.56) 44
(1.73) 53
(2.09) 67
(2.64) 80
(3.15) 66
(2.6) 30
(1.18) 48
(1.89) 68
(2.68) 83
(3.27) 70
(2.76) 63
(2.48) 724
(28.5)
Avg. precipitation days 5 5 6 7 7 6 4 5 6 6 5 5 67
Mean monthly sunshine hours 147 152 172 182 218 233 288 260 195 165 146 132 2,290
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[1]
[edit]Main sights

Girona is a popular destination for tourists and Barcelona day-trippers - the train journey from Barcelona Sants to Girona takes just a bit over one hour. The old town stands on the steep hill of the Capuchins to the west of the river, while the more modern section stands on the plains to the east.



The façade of Girona's Cathedral


City wall and towers, of Girona at the old town.


The Collegiate Church of Sant Feliu, as seen from the river Onyar.


Sant Pere de Galligants


Independence Square.
[edit]Cathedral
The ancient cathedral, which stood on the site of the present one, was used by the Moors as a mosque, and after their final expulsion was either entirely remodelled or rebuilt. The present edifice is one of the most important monuments of the school of the Majorcan architect Jaume Fabre and an excellent example of Spanish Gothic architecture. It is approached by eighty-six steps. An aisle and chapels surround the choir, which opens by three arches into the nave, of which the pointed stone vault is the widest in Christendom (22 meters). Among its interior decorations is a retable which is the work of the Valencian silversmith Pere Bernec. It is divided into three tiers of statuettes and reliefs, framed in canopied niches of cast and hammered silver. A gold and silver altar-frontal was carried off by the French in 1809. The cathedral contains the tombs of Ramon Berenger and his wife.

[edit]Old fortifications
The old fortifications are another popular sight. Historically, these have played a vital role in protecting Girona from invaders for hundreds of years. The city wall of the old town was an important military construction built in Roman times in the 1st century BC. It was thoroughly rebuilt under the reign of Peter III the Ceremonious in the second half of the 14th century. The Roman wall was used as a foundation. At the start of the 16th century, the wall was absorbed in the city. The walled precinct lost its military value. Bit by bit, the wall was degrading, as parts were gradually altered from the inside and the outside. The walls and lookout towers that make up these fortifications are split in two - a small section in the north of the old town and a much larger section in the south. It is possible to walk the entire length of the walls and climb the towers, where visitors can enjoy panoramic views of Girona and the surrounding countryside.

[edit]Sant Feliu
The Collegiate Church of Sant Feliu is noteworthy from an architectural point of view. Its style is 14th-century Gothic, the façade dating from the 18th, and it is one of the few Spanish churches which possesses a genuine spire. It contains, besides the sepulchre of its patron and the tomb of the valiant Álvarez, a chapel dedicated to St. Narcissus, who according to tradition was one of the early bishops of the see.

[edit]Sant Pere de Galligants
The Benedictine church of Sant Pere de Galligants is in early Romanesque style. From the same period is the Monastery of St. Daniel.

[edit]Plaça de la Independència
The Plaça de la Independència, which refers to the War of Spanish Independence against Napoleon Bonaparte, is one of the best known and most frequented places in Girona. Located in Mercadal district in the city center, is also known as Plaça de San Agustin, because formerly the Convent of San Agustin had been raised there.

The interest of the square lies 19th-century style, despite it is surrounded by austere identical neoclassical buildings with porches dedicated to the defenders of the city of Girona during the sieges of 1808 and 1809.

However, the symmetrical proportions of square corresponds more to current interventions than its architectural past. The municipal architect Marí Sureda was the first who thought up an arcaded square with loops closed and neoclassical, with some buildings having the same aesthetic proportions. The urbanization of the area only followed in part their schemes. The construction of the first theaters in this city, broke down the idea of Martí Sureda. Until the 18th century, what that architect had imagined could not be completed. This part of the city in Noucentisme style is a romantic and timeless creation, from one century to another, nowadays captivates inhabitants and visitors. Today has great activity due to the gradual opening of cafes and restaurants. On this, some business are well known for its history like the Café Royal, Cinema Albéniz and Casa Marieta[2]



Jewish Quarter "El Call".
[edit]Cases de l'Onyar
Girona are very characteristic of the houses hanging over the river Onyar. These picturesque houses built over the centuries by the river give a splendid of a small Mediterranean city. All facades are painted along the river palette afforded by Enric Ansesa, James J. Faixó and architects Fuses and J. Viader

[edit]Jewish Heritage
Most traces of Girona's rich Jewish history were wiped out when the Jews were expelled from Spain (see Spanish expulsion), however some remain. On Carrer de Sant Llorenc, the doorway of an old building has a rectangular indentation which once held a mezuzah. Further along is the Centre Bonastruc ça Porta and the Catalan Jewish Museum. The Bonastruc ça Porta project started in the 1970s, when it became fashionable to renovate properties in the old town. Clearing away nearly 700 years of construction, Jose Tarres, a local restaurateur, discovered the remains of what turned out to be the medieval yeshiva founded by Nahmanides.

The city has a number of relevant Art Nouveau buildings including the Farinera Teixidor by Rafael Masó.



Panorama of Girona: cases penjades on Onyar River, the Cathedral to the centre of the image and Sant Feliu collegiate to the left
[edit]Sports

During the professional cycling season, various non-European pro cyclists have called Girona home, as illustrated in the book Inside the Postal Bus by Michael Barry, written during his time with the US Postal Service cycling team. Between races, cyclists do their training rides outside the city, which provides excellent training terrain.

In the Spring of 1997, Marty Jemison, Tyler Hamilton and George Hincapie moved to Girona as teammates of the US Postal Service Professional Cycling Team. This was the first year that American cyclists started living in Girona and meeting for training rides at the Pont de Pedra. Later, other well-known professional cyclists such as Lance Armstrong came to live in the city.

Football is also widely popular. The local Football club is Girona FC, currently playing in the Spanish Segunda División after promotion in the 2007-08 season in the playoffs. Its stadium is Estadi Montilivi.

The city has a roller hockey team, GEiEG, one of the most important in Spain, which competes in the main League OK Liga.

[edit]Education

The city is the home of the Universitat de Girona.

[edit]Transport



Girona landmarks include Saint Mary's Cathedral (left) and the Passeig de la Muralla (right)


Modernist building, Farinera Teixidor by architect Rafael Masó
[edit]Road
The town is on the Autopista AP-7 and N-II. The city is also the hub of the local road network with routes to the coast and inland towards the Pyrenees.

[edit]Buses
The city has a comprehensive urban bus service operated by TMG. There are also services to the other towns in the Girona province.

[edit]Train
Girona is served at its railway station to the west of the Old Town, from Barcelona to Portbou and the French border. The journey time to Barcelona is approximately 1 hour and 15 minutes. A new station is being constructed for the AVE trains which will be in the same location as the current one, but underground.

[edit]Airport
Main article: Girona-Costa Brava Airport
The town's airport, Girona-Costa Brava, is 10 km south of the town centre. It has grown tremendously in recent years principally as a result of Ryanair choosing it as one of their European hubs. Whilst the airport has been used since the early 1980s for charter flights, holidaymakers and other travellers now have a wider range of scheduled flights available from a number of destinations across Europe.

Girona Airport is a 15 minute bus ride from the bus terminal and train station in Girona city and an hour from Barcelona centre, 92 km to the south. Most low cost airlines mention "Barcelona" in their descriptions of Girona airport. The bus stops in the centre of Barcelona, at the Estació d'Autobusos Barcelona Nord, Barcelona's main bus terminal.

[edit]Twin towns — sister cities



"Temps de flors" exhibition.
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain
Girona is twinned with:

Reggio Emilia, Italy, since 1982
Albi, France, since 1985
Bluefields, Nicaragua, since 1987
Perpignan, France, since 1988
Farsia, Western Sahara, since 1997
Nueva Gerona, Cuba (under negotiation since 1991)
Nashville, USA (currently pending agreement - negotiation started in 2006)
[edit]See also

Prince of Girona
La Girona
Girona's Cathedral
Girona railway station
List of mayors of Girona
Casa Marieta
[edit]References

^ "Valores Climatológicos Normales. Girona / Aeropuerto". Retrieved 2010-05-22.
^ "Diario de Gerona el 20 de agosto del 2000".
[edit]Sources and external links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Girona
Official website
Girona Temps de Flors Exhibition webpage
History of the coat-of-arms of Girona
Universitat de Girona
Girona Airport website
Real Estate in Girona
Girona Map
Hostelry association of Girona
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Municipalities of Gironès
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Categories: 79 BC establishmentsGironaGironèsHistoric Jewish communitiesMunicipalities in the Province of GironaPopulated places in the Province of Girona