محمود هوتکی

شاه محمود هوتکی پسر می‌رویس. رئیس طایفهٔ غلجائی بود. پس از مرگ پدر و قتل عموی خود -عبدالله هوتکی- افغانان ایرانی را به سال۱۱۳۰ مغلوب کرد و سردار ایشان اسدالله‌خان را کشت و این عمل را در چشم درباریان اصفهان خدمتگزاری جلوه داد. محمود در ۱۱۳۴ قصد تسخیر ایران کرد و به کرمان رسید لیکن لطفعلی‌خان والی فارس عموی فتحعلی‌خان وزیر اعظم او را سخت شکست داد و به قندهار گریزاند. در سال ۱۱۳۴ ه‍. ق. بار دیگر از راه سیستان و کرمان و یزد به اصفهان حمله نمود و در ۱۱۳۴ آنجا را متصرف شد و شاه سلطان حسین صفوی سلطنت و تاج خود را به او تقدیم کرد. به دنبال اختلال مشاعر وی در ۱۱۳۷ ه‍. ق. (۱۷۲۵ میلادی) بزرگان افغان او را از سلطنت خلع کردند و پسرعمویش شاه اشرف هوتکی را به جایش انتخاب کردند که محمود به دست همو به کینه قتل پدر به قتل رسید.
منابع [ویرایش]

تاریخ عمومی اقبال صص ۷۰۳ و ۸۰۴
تاریخ ادبیات ادوارد براون ترجمهٔ رشید یاسمی
رده‌ها: پشتون درگذشتگان ۱۷۲۵ (میلادی)زادگان ۱۶۹۷ (میلادی)صفویان هوتکیان

قس انگلیسی

Shah Mahmud Hotaki, (Pashto, Persian, Urdu, Arabic: شاہ محمود ہوتکی), also known as Mahmud Ghilzai (1697? — April 22, 1725), was an Afghan ruler of the Hotaki dynasty who defeated and overthrew the Safavid dynasty to become the king of Persia from 1722 until his death in 1725.[1]
He was the eldest son of Mirwais Hotak, the chief of the Ghilzai-Pashtun tribe of Afghanistan, who had made the Kandahar region independent from Persian rule in 1709.[2] When Mirwais died in 1715, he was succeeded by his brother, Abdul Aziz, but the Ghilzai Afghans persuaded Mahmud to seize power for himself and in 1717 he overthrew and killed his uncle.[3]
Contents [show]
[edit]Mahmud takes the throne of Persia



The Abdali Pashtuns inhabited the region of Khorasan while the Ghilzais controlled the Kandahar region (Candahar) to the southeast.
In 1720, Mahmud and the Ghilzais defeated the rival ethnic Afghan tribe of the Abdalis. However, Mahmud had designs on the Persian empire itself. He had already launched an expedition against Kerman in 1719 and in 1721 he besieged the city again. Failing in this attempt and in another siege on Yazd, in early 1722, Mahmud turned his attention to the shah's capital Isfahan, after first defeating the Persians at the Battle of Gulnabad. Rather than biding his time within the city and resisting a siege in which the small Afghan army was unlikely to succeed, Sultan Husayn marched out to meet Mahmud's force at Golnabad. Here, on March 8, the Persian royal army was thoroughly routed and fled back to Isfahan in disarray. The shah was urged to escape to the provinces to raise more troops but he decided to remain in the capital which was now encircled by the Afghans. Mahmud's siege of Isfahan lasted from March to October, 1722. Lacking artillery, he was forced to resort to a long blockade in the hope of starving the Persians into submission. Sultan Husayn's command during the siege displayed his customary lack of decisiveness and the loyalty of his provincial governors wavered in the face of such incompetence. Starvation and disease finally forced Isfahan into submission (it is estimated that 80,000 of its inhabitants died during the siege). On October 23, Sultan Husayn abdicated and acknowledged Mahmud as the new shah of Persia.[4]
[edit]Mahmud's reign as shah

In the early days of his rule, Mahmud displayed benevolence, treating the captured royal family well and bringing in food supplies to the starving capital. But he was confronted with a rival claimant to the throne when Hosein's son, Tahmasp declared himself shah in November. Mahmud sent an army against Tahmasp's base, Qazvin. Tahmasp escaped and the Afghans took the city but, shocked at the treatment they received at the hands of the conquering army, the population rose up against them in January 1723. The revolt was a success and Mahmud was worried about the reaction when the surviving Afghans returned to Isfahan to bring news of the defeat. Fearing a revolt by his subjects, Mahmud invited his Persian ministers and nobles to a meeting under false pretences and had them slaughtered. He also executed up to 3,000 of the Persian royal guards. At the same time, the Ottomans and the Russians took advantage of the chaos in Persia to seize land for themselves, limiting the amount of territory under Mahmud's control.[5]
His failure to impose his rule across Persia made Mahmud depressed and suspicious. He was also concerned about the loyalty of his own men, since many Afghans preferred his cousin Ashraf Khan. In February 1725, believing a rumour that one of Sultan Husayn's sons, Safi Mirza, had escaped, Mahmud ordered the execution of all the other Safavid princes who were in his hands, with the exception of Sultan Husayn himself. When Sultan Husayn tried to stop the massacre, he was wounded, but his action led to Mahmud sparing the lives of two of his young children.[6]
[edit]Death
Mahmud began to succumb to insanity as well as physical deterioration. On April 22, 1725, a group of Afghan officers freed Ashraf Khan from the prison where he had been confined by Mahmud and launched a palace revolution which placed Ashraf on the throne. Mahmud died three days later, either from his illness – at it was claimed at the time – or murder by suffocation.
...Thereafter his disorder rapidly increased, until he himself was murdered on April 22 by his cousin Ashraf, who was thereupon proclaimed king. Mír Maḥmúd was at the time of his death only twenty-seven years of age, and is described as "middle-sized and clumsy; his neck was so short that his head seemed to grow to his shoulders; he had a broad face and flat nose, and his beard was thin and of a red colour; his looks were wild and his countenance austere and disagreeable; his eyes, which were blue and a little squinting, were generally downcast, like a man absorbed in deep thought."[7]
—Edward G. Browne, 1924
[edit]References

^ "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722–1922)". Edward Granville Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 29. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
^ Dupree, Mir Wais Hotak (1709–1715)
^ Axworthy p.38
^ Axworthy pp.39–55
^ Axworthy pp.64–65
^ Axworthy pp.65–67
^ "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722–1922)". Edward Granville Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 31. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
[edit]Sources

Michael Axworthy, The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant Hardcover 348 pages (26 July 2006) Publisher: I.B. Tauris Language: English ISBN 1-85043-706-8
[edit]External links

An outline of the History of Persia during the last two centuries (1722–1922), The Afghan Invasion (1722–1730)
Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Last Afghan empire
Mahmud Hotaki
Hotaki dynasty
Born: 1697 Died: 1725
Preceded by
Sultan Husayn Shah of Persia
1722–1725 Succeeded by
Ashraf Khan
Preceded by
Abdul Aziz Hotak Emir of Afghanistan
1717–1725 Succeeded by
Hussein Hotaki
[show] v t e
Heads of state of Afghanistan since 1709
[show] v t e
Pashtun-related topics
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Categories (++): Pashtun people (−) (±)Year of birth uncertain (−) (±)1725 deaths (−) (±)1697 births