گِدا، مُتِکَدی، یا دَریوزه‌گر به شخصی اطلاق می‌شود که از طریق درخواست کمک مادی از مردم ارتزاق می‌کند و با ایجاد حس ترحم از مردم پول می‌ستاند و این کار به صورت حرفه وی محسوب گردد.
در ادبیات جهان گدا در پایین‌ترین رده اجتماعی آمده است و اغلب برای نشان دادن وجه تمایز پایگاههای اجتماعی از مثال شاهزاده و گدا استفاده شده است. معروفترین اثر ادبی شاهزاده و گدا اثر مارک تواین می‌باشد. این اختلاف پایگاه‌های اجتماعی در ادبیات فارسی نیز توسط مقایسه شاه و گدا بسیار آمده است.
در گفتار عامیانه ایرانیان به شخص سمج و ضعیف‌نما اصطلاحاً «مثل گداهای سامره» گفته می‌شود. این به این خاطر است که گداهای شهر سامره عراق در میان ایرانیان مسافر در قدیم بخاطر سماجت و مزاحمت‌آفرینی زبانزد شده بودند.[۱]
محتویات [نمایش]
ریشه‌شناسی [ویرایش]

«گدا» یعنی کسی که در گه (گاه) به معنی مکان یا زمان و یا هر دو، درخواست (دا) نماید.
گدایان معروف [ویرایش]

مارگیتا بانگووا
لازاروس
پانویس [ویرایش]

↑ فرهنگ معین، سرواژهٔ گدا.
منابع [ویرایش]

تکدی گری در همدان پایان ندارد/ تکدی گری؛ عادت یا اجبار
در ویکی‌انبار پرونده‌هایی دربارهٔ گدایی موجود است.
رده‌ها: بی‌خانمانی پیشه‌ها فقر

فس عربی

التسول هو طلب مال، طعام، أو المبیت من عموم الناس باستجداء عطفهم وکرمهم إما بعاهات أو بسوء حال أو بالأطفال، بغض النظر عن صدق المتسولین أو کذبهم، وهی ظاهرة أوضح أشکالها تواجد المتسولین على جنبات الطرقات والأماکن العامة الأخرى. ویلجأ بعض المتسولین إلى عرض خدماتهم التی لا حاجة لها غالبا مثل مسح زجاج السیارة أثناء التوقف على الإشارات أو حمل أکیاس إلى السیارة وغیر ذلک. "من مال الله یا محسنین"، "حسنة قلیلة تدفع بلایا کثیرة" وغیرها من کلمات المستعملة من المتسولین لاستدراج عطف وکرم الآخرین.

الطفل المتسول : هو ذلک الطفل الذی لم یبلغ سن الرابع عشر بعد، ویتخذ من استجادء الناس وسیلة للحصول على المال ویؤدی مظهره الشخصی إلى رثاء الآخرین وعطفهم علیه ویقوم بهذا السلوک عن قصد وبشکل متکرر ومنتظم ویحدث هذا السلوک نتیجة لاجبار الوالدین والقائمین على رعایته للعمل على التسول.

أسباب ظاهرة التسول تعود بشکل أساسی للفقروالبطالة وقلة الحال. إلا أن لنظرة المجتمع للتسول تختلف من بلد لبلد، ومن شخص إلى آخر، ویرى الکثیر أن اعتماد الکثیر على التسول کمهنة یومیة تدر دخل معقول سببه تعاطف الناس مع الاستجداء الکاذب للکثیر من المتسولین.

تختلف أوضاع وطرق التسول من فی العالم، ففی الهند مثلا هناک مدینة للمتسولین، لها قوانینها وشریعتها وطریقة العیش فیها. فی البلاد الشرقیة والمسلمة منها یختار المتسولون أماکن العبادة والجوامع والأضرحة مکان لممارسة عملهم، وفی الدول الغربیة تجد المتسولین فی أنفاق المترو وقرب الساحات العامة والمتاحف یمارسون عملهم بطریقة أخرى من خلال العزف والغناء أو ربما الرسم.

وهناک بعض الباحثین یصورون من یعیش على المساعدات المحلیة أو العالمیة بالمتسولین، حتى بعض العاطلین الذی تستهویهم المعیشة على المساعدات المالیة وما أن توفر لهم فرصة عمل حتى یعزفون عنها مفضلین ربما عیشة الکفاف على مساعدات تکفیهم لتوفیر خمر یومهم.

لیس بالضرورة أن یکون المتسول معدوما، فبعضهم قد أمتهن التسول ویجمع منه أکثر بکثیر من قوت یومه، بل یصل به الآمر إمکانیة لتوظیف من یعمل لدیه فیستأجر الأطفال والرضع والإکسسوار اللازم للتسول وحتى عمل عاهات صناعیة أو دائمیة لزوم العمل لمن یوظفه.

أغلب دول عالم تمنع التسول وتکافحه بطرق مختلفة قد تفلح وقد تفشل، فأن التسول قد یدفع إلى الجریمة وبکل أشکالها فهو بدایة الطریق للانحراف والإسلام یحرمه ویدم المتسولین نظرا لما له من اضرار على المجتمع ورقیه.

ویقول النبی محمد -صلى الله علیه و سلم- عن الذی یتسول معه ما یکفیه من المال (إِنَّهُ مَنْ سَأَلَ وَعِنْدَهُ مَا یُغْنِیهِ فَإِنَّمَا یَسْتَکْثِرُ مِنْ نَارِ جَهَنَّمَ قَالُوا یَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ وَمَا یُغْنِیهِ قَالَ مَا یُغَدِّیهِ أَوْ یُعَشِّیهِ) [1]

تسول

المصادر

^ إسلام أون لاین
هناک المزید من الصور والملفات فی ویکیمیدیا کومنز حول: تسول
تصنیفان: فقرمهن غیر رسمیة

قس ترکی استانبولی

Dilencilik, yardıma muhtaç olduğu gerekçesiyle başka insanlardan para, yiyecek vb. şeyler isteme. Geçimini bu şekilde sağlayan kişiye dilenci denir. Dilencilere, geri kalmış ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde daha çok rastlanır. Dilencilik dünyanın en eski mesleklerinden biridir.
Dilencilik bazen dinî gerekçelerle yapılır. Bazı din ve mezheplerde din adamları dilenerek veya sadece bağışlarla geçinirler. Bu tür dilenme, din adamlarının dünya işlerinden ellerini çekerek dinî çalışma ve meditasyonlarına daha fazla zaman ayırmalarına imkan verir.
Konu başlıkları [göster]
[değiştir]Metodlar

Bir köşe başında bekleyerek geçenlerden para isteme. Bu tür, en yaygın dilencilik şeklidir.
Sokaklarda gezerek, dükkân önleri, toplu taşım durakları gibi işlek yerlerde yardım dilenme. Bu tür dilencilik hastanede mahsur kalma, parasızlık nedeniyle yolda kalma gibi mazeretler ileri süren dilenciler tarafından en çok tercih edilen şekildir.
Kapı kapı dolanarak ev sakinlerinden yardım dilenme. Bu tür dilencilik de yolda kalma veya hastanede mahsur kalma mazeretlerini kullananlar tarafından sıklıkla tercih edilir. Bazı durumlarda sadece işitme ve/veya konuşma engelli olduğunu belirten bir pankart taşırlar.
Yoksul görünümlü olmayan kişiler tarafından yapılan dilencilik. Bu tür dilencilikte dilenci, benzin bitmesi, cüzdanını kaybetme vs. gibi mazeretler ileri sürerek insanları dilenci olmadığına, gerçekten yardıma ihtiyacı olduğuna inandırmaya çalışır. Çoğu kez yardım eden kişilerin adresini isteyerek parayı geri gönderme sözü verir.
[değiştir]Muhtaçlık tartışmaları

Dilencilerin bir kısmı gerçekten yardıma muhtaç olmakla beraber bir kısmı da toplumun insaf, yardımseverlik ve dindarlık duygularını sömürerek kolay ve haksız kazanç elde etmeye çalışırlar. Bu amaçla genellikle yoksul görünümlü olmaya dikkat ederler. Engelli olmak veya engelli çocuğu olmak avantaj sağladığı için engelli veya hasta taklidi yaparlar. Bazı durumlarda dilenci çetelerinin eline düşmüş çocuklar sakat bırakılır veya engelli rolü oynamaya zorlanır.
Gelişen teknoloji ile birlikte dilencilerin çalışma şekilleri de değişmiştir. Günümüzde dilenci çeteleri cep telefonu ile haberleşerek zabıta veya polis kontrollerine karşı birbirlerini uyarmakta, aynı bölgelerde dilenmemeye dikkat etmektedirler.[kaynak belirtilmeli]
[değiştir]Hukukî boyut

Dilenmek pek çok ülkede suç olmamakla birlikte dilenciliğe zorlamak ya da aklı baliğ olmayan kimseleri suistimal etmek suçtur ve cezaî yaptırımla karşılaşılabilir. Kamu huzurunu bozduğu durumlarda dilenciler, polis, zabıta gibi kamu görevlileri tarafından dilendikleri mekândan uzaklaştırılabilirler.
[değiştir]Birleşik Krallık
Birleşik Krallık'ta 1824 yılında çıkarılan Evsizler Yasası'na göre dilencilik suçtur ancak hapis cezası yaptırımı yoktur. Bununla birlikte genellikle, toplu taşım araçları haricinde dilencilere müdahalede bulunulmaz.
[değiştir]Romanya
Romanya'da 1991 yılında çıkarılan 61 no.lu yasaya göre dilencilik suçtur.[1]
[değiştir]Türkiye
TCK'ya göre dilencilik suç olmamakla birlikte dilenciliğe zorlamak ya da aklı baliğ olmayan kimseleri suistimal etmek suçtur. TCK madde 229 şu şekildedir:
(1) Çocukları, beden veya ruh bakımından kendini idare edemeyecek durumda bulunan kimseleri dilencilikte araç olarak kullanan kişi, bir yıldan üç yıla kadar hapis cezası ile cezalandırılır.
(2) Bu suçun üçüncü derece dahil kan veya kayın hısımları ya da eş tarafından işlenmesi hâlinde verilecek ceza yarı oranında artırılır.
(3) Bu suçun örgüt faaliyeti çerçevesinde işlenmiş olması hâlinde, verilecek ceza bir kat artırılır.
T.C. devleti, yardıma muhtaçları İl Sosyal Hizmetler ve Çocuk Esirgeme Kurumu'na yönlendirerek ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmasına yardımcı olmaktadır.
[değiştir]Kaynakça

^ Legea nr. 61/1991 (republicata 2011) (Romence). Poliția de Proximitate.
[değiştir]Dış bağlantılar


Wikimedia Commons'ta
Dilencilik ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur.
Bir Kent Sorunu: Dilencilik - “Sorunlar ve Çözüm Yolları” - Sempozyumu
Kategori: Meslekler

قس انگلیسی

Begging is the present participle of the verb 'beg.' To beg is to entreat earnestly, implore, or supplicate. It often occurs for the purpose of securing a material benefit, generally for a gift, donation or charitable donation. When done in the context of a public place, it is known as "panhandling", perhaps because the hand and arm are extended like the handle of a cooking implement, and not infrequently, a kitchen implement such as a pot or cup may be used.[1]


The Beggar by Ernst Rudolf
According to a study in the journal of the Canadian Medical Association, "(70%) stated that they would prefer a minimum-wage job, typically citing a desire for a 'steady income' or 'getting off the street.' However, many felt they could not handle conventional jobs because of mental illness, physical disability or lack of skills."[2]
Beggars may be found in public places such as transport routes, parks, and near busy markets. They mostly request money, but may also ask for cigarettes or other small items.
Contents [show]
History of begging



In a 1786 James Gillray caricature, the plentiful money bags handed to King George III are contrasted with the beggar whose legs and arms were amputated, in the left corner
A Caveat or Warning for Common Cursitors, vulgarly called vagabonds was first published in 1566 by Thomas Harman. From early modern England other examples are Thomas Harman, and Robert Greene in his coney-catching pamphlets he titles of which included "The Defence of Conny-catching," in which he argued there were worse crimes to be found among "reputable" people. The Beggar's Opera is a ballad opera in three acts written in 1728 by John Gay. The Life and Adventures of Bampfylde Moore Carew was first published in 1745. There are similar writers for many European countries in the early modern period.[citation needed]
According to Jackson J. Spielvogel, "Poverty was a highly visible problem in the eighteenth century, both in cities and in the countryside... Beggars in Bologna were estimated at 25 percent of the population; in Mainz, figures indicate that 30 percent of the people were beggars or prostitutes... In France and Britain by the end of the century, an estimated 10 percent of the people depended on charity or begging for their food."[3]
Begging in Buddhism

In Buddhism, monks and nuns traditionally live by begging for alms, as did the historical Gautama Buddha himself. This is, among other reasons, so that lay people can gain religious merit by giving food, medicines, and other essential items to the monks. The monks seldom need to plead for food; in villages and towns throughout modern Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and other Buddhist countries, householders can often be found at dawn every morning streaming down the road to the local temple to give food to the monks. In East Asia, monks and nuns were expected to farm or work for returns to feed themselves up.[4][5][6]
Legal restriction of aggressive panhandling



A kindness meter in downtown Ottawa, Canada
Main article: Aggressive panhandling
The definition of "Aggressive panhandling" may vary. In the USA, aggressive panhandling generally involves the solicitation of donations in an intimidating or intrusive manner. Examples may include:
Soliciting near ATM banking machines.[7]
Soliciting from customers inside a store or restaurant.[citation needed]
Soliciting after dark.[citation needed][dubious – discuss]
Approaching individuals from behind, as they are exiting their vehicles, to solicit.
Soliciting in a loud voice, often accompanied with wild gesticulations.[7][citation needed][dubious – discuss]
The use of insults, profanity, or veiled threats.
Refusing to take "No" for an answer or following an individual.
Demanding more money after a donation has been given.[citation needed]
Invasion of personal space, cornering, blocking or inappropriate touching.[citation needed]
A "team" of several beggars approaching an individual at once, often surrounding the person.[citation needed]
"Camping out" in a spot where begging negatively influences some other business (such as in front of a store or restaurant) in the hope that the business owner will give money to make the beggar go away.[dubious – discuss]
A broad view of legal restrictions

Canada


Man begging in Vancouver in 2008.


"Begging for fun". Man with sign "Can I Have A Beer Man"
The province of Ontario introduced its Safe Streets Act in 1999 to restrict specific kinds of begging, particularly certain narrowly-defined cases of "aggressive" or abusive begging.[8] In 2001 this law survived a court challenge under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[9] The law was further upheld by the Court of Appeal for Ontario in January 2007.[10]
One response to the anti-panhandling laws which were passed was the creation of the Ottawa Panhandlers Union which fights for the political rights of panhandlers. The union is a shop of the Industrial Workers of the World.
British Columbia enacted its own Safe Streets Act in 2004 which resembles the Ontario law. There are also critics in that province who oppose such laws.[11]
United States
In parts of San Francisco, California, aggressive panhandling is prohibited.[12]
In May 2010, police in the city of Boston started cracking down on panhandling in the streets in downtown, and were conducting an educational outreach to residents advising them not to give to panhandlers. The Boston police distinguished active solicitation, or aggressive panhandling, versus passive panhandling of which an example is opening doors at store with a cup in hand but saying nothing.[13]
United Kingdom
Begging is illegal under the Vagrancy Act of 1824. However it does not carry a jail sentence and is not well enforced in many cities,[14] although since the Act applies in all public places it is enforced more frequently on public transport.
Finland
Begging has been legal in Finland since 1987 when the Poor Law was invalidated. In 2003, the Public Order Act replaced any local government rules and completely decriminalized begging.[15]


Louis Dewis, "The Old Beggar", Bordeaux, France, 1916


"The Man with the Twisted Lip", illustrated by Sidney Paget, a beggar playing a major role in a Sherlock Holmes adventure.
Romania
Law 61 of 1991 forbids the persistent call for the mercy of the public, by a person which is able to work.[16]
US State Department Human Rights reports note a pattern of Roma children registered for "vagrancy and begging".[17]
Japan
Buddhist monks appear in public when begging for alms.[18] Although homelessness in Japan is not uncommon, such people rarely beg.
Portugal
In Portugal, panhandlers normally beg in front of Catholic churches, on semaphores or on special places in Lisbon or Oporto downtowns. Begging is not illegal in Portugal. Many social and religious institutions support homeless people and panhandlers and the Portuguese Social Security normally gives them a survival monetary subsidy.
Use of funds

A 2002 study of 54 panhandlers in Toronto reported that of a median monthly income of $638 Canadian dollars (CAD), those interviewed spent a median of $200 CAD on food and $192 CAD on alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs, according to Income and spending patterns among panhandlers, by Rohit Bose and Stephen W. Hwang.[19] The Fraser Institute criticized this study citing problems with potential exclusion of lucrative forms of begging and the unreliability of reports from the panhandlers who were polled in the Bose/Hwang study.[20]
In North America, panhandling money is widely reported to support substance abuse and other addictions. For example, outreach workers in downtown Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, surveyed that city's panhandling community and determined that approximately three-quarters use donated money to buy tobacco products while two-thirds buy solvents or alcohol.[21] In Midtown Manhattan, one outreach worker anecdotally commented to the New York Times that substance abuse accounts for 90 percent of panhandling funds.[22]
Communities reducing street begging

Because of concerns that people begging on the street may use the money to support alcohol or drug abuse, some advise those wishing to give to beggars to give gift cards or vouchers for food or services, and not cash.[21][23][24] Some shelters also offer business cards with information on the shelter's location and services, which can be given in lieu of cash.[25]
Notable beggars

Bampfylde Moore Carew, self-styled King of the Beggars
Diogenes of Sinope
Gautama Buddha,the founder of Buddhism accepted alms from people to survive[26]
Gavroche Thenardier in Victor Hugo's Les Misérables
Lazarus
Nicholas Jennings in Thomas Harman's Caveat for Common Cursitors
Shabkar[27] Tibetan itinerant monk
So Chan, Chinese folk hero of Drunken Fist
See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Begging
Look up begging, spanging, panhandling, or mendicancy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article mendicancy.
Aggressive panhandling
Alms
Begging letter
Belisarius
Busking
Child Begging
Fundraising
Internet begging
Mendicant Orders
Poor law
References

^ Webster's Third International Dictionary
^ "Income and spending patterns among panhandlers". CMAJ 167 (5): 477–9. September 2002. PMC 121964. PMID 12240813.
^ Jackson J. Spielvogel (2008). "Western Civilization: Since 1500". Cengage Learning. p.566. ISBN 0-495-50287-1
^ "農禪vs商禪" (in (Chinese)). Blog.udn.com. 2009-08-19. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
^ "僧俗". 2007.tibetmagazine.net. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
^ "鐵鞋踏破心無礙 濁汗成泥意志堅——記山東博山正覺寺仁達法師". Hkbuddhist.org. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
^ a b Johnny Johnson (November 3, 2008). In tough times, panhandling may increase in Oklahoma City. The Oklahoman
^ "Safe Streets Act". Government of Ontario. 1999. Archived from the original on 2006-09-02. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
^ "'Squeegee kids' law upheld in Ontario". CBC News. 2001-08-03. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
^ "Squeegee panhandling washed out by Ontario Appeal Court". CBC News. 2007-01-17. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
^ "Police chief welcomes Safe Streets Act". CBC News. 2004-10-26. Archived from the original on 2007-05-10. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
^ Debate Continues Over Proposed Sit-Lie Ordinance, KTVU, 10 March 2010
^ Schuler, Melina, "Cops Planning to Combat Panhandling", The Boston Courant, May 14–20 issue, 2010. "Aggressive solicitation is against the law and is defined as an action that is likely to cause a reasonable person to fear harm or to intimidate him or her into compliance, Ivens said. Passive panhandling, like in front of a convenience store, is constitutionally allowed, however, it is a violation of a Boston ordinance to do it within 10 feet [3 m] of an ATM, bank, or check cashing business during hours of operation, [Boston Police Captain Paul] Ivens said."
^ Bunyan, Nigel (2003-08-22). "Beggar ban may spark nationwide crackdown". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2010-04-26
^ Authorities powerless to act against beggars with children in tow. Helsingin Sanomat
^ "Legea nr. 61/1991 (republicata 2011)" (in Romanian). Poliția de Proximitate. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
^ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2006-03-08). "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2005 (Romania)". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 29 September 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
^ "The Zen - Teaching of Mu". Japan National Tourist Organisation. Retrieved 2008-07-27.
^ Bose, Rohit and Hwang, Stephen W. (2002-09-03). "Income and spending patterns among panhandlers". Canadian Medical Association Journal. pp. 167(5) 477–479. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
^ "Begging for Data". Canstats. 3 September 2002. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
^ a b ""Change for the Better" fact sheet" (PDF). Downtown Winnipeg Biz. Archived from the original on 2006-08-13. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
^ Tierney, John (1999-12-04). "The Big City; The Handout That's No Help To the Needy". The New York Times. p. B1. Retrieved 2006-09-29.
^ "Real Change, not Spare Change". Portland Business Alliance. Archived from the original on 13 November 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-30.
^ Dromi, Shai M. (12 2012). "Penny for your Thoughts: Beggars and the Exercise of Morality in Daily Life". Sociological Forum 27 (4): 847–871. doi:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2012.01359.x. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
^ Peace Studies Program. "Homelessness Contact Cards". George Washington University. Archived from the original on 9 September 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-30.
^ "Begging Bowl - Buddhist Things". ReligionFacts. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
^ "Shabkar Tsokdruk Rangdrol". Rigpa Wiki. 2009-10-06. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
Further reading

Karash, Robert L., "Spare Change?", Spare Change News, March 25, 2010.
Malanga, Steven, The Professional Panhandling Plague, City Journal, v.18, n.3, Summer 2008, The Manhattan Institute, New York, NY.
Sandage, Scott A., Born Losers: A History of Failure in America, Harvard University Press, 2005
Media

Rooney, Emily, "Panhandling — Public Nuisance Or Basic Right?", The Emily Rooney Show, WGBH-FM Radio, Boston, Tuesday, June 5, 2012. Guests: Vincent Flanagan, Executive Director of Homeless Empowerment Project Spare Change News; Robert Haas, Cambridge Police Commissioner; Denise Jillson, President of the Harvard Square Business Association
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Categories: HomelessnessInformal occupationsPovertyBeggars